副词作状语

1. 副词作状语，修饰动词 Don't drive so fast. 别开得这么快。  2. 副词作状语，修饰形容词 It's a very interesting film. 这是一部很有趣的电影。  3. 副词作状语，修饰其他副词 He speaks English quite fluently. 他英语说得很流利。  4. 副词作状语，修饰全句 Perhaps he will come back later. 或许过一会儿他会回来

状语

副词作状语 Don't drive so fast. 别开得这么快。 <><><> 介词短语作地点状语 We live in Hangzhou. 我们住在杭州。 <><><> 名词作状语 The meeting lasted an hour. 会议开了一个小时。

关系代词和关系副词

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why。 <><><> 注意：关系副词里面没有how。 如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。 I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。

先行词和引导词

被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词； 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。

定语：过去分词和不定式的区别

过去分词作定语有"被动"，"过去"的含义。 ing形式作定语有"正在进行"的含义。 不定式作定语有"即将发生"之意。 The piano used at the concert is made in France. 音乐会上用的那架钢琴是法国制造的。 The girl to play the piano at the concert is Mary. 将要在音乐会上弹钢琴的那个女孩是玛丽。 The problem to be discussed at the meeting next week is of great importance. 下个星期要在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。

过去分词作定语的区别

一. 及物动词的过去分词作定语有被动之意 boiled water 开水（被煮过的水） boiling water 沸水（正在沸腾的水） <> frozen food 冷冻食品（被冷冻过的食品） freezing wind 刺骨寒风 <> spoken English 英语口语（被使用的语言） a speaking bird 会说话的鸟 <><><> 二. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语有完成之意 fallen leaves 落叶（已经落下来的树叶） a falling tide 落潮（正在退落的潮水） <> a retired teacher 退休教师 a retiring teacher 即将退休的教师 <> an expired lease 过期的租约 an expiring lease 即将到期的租约

过去分词作定语

过去分词可以作名词的前置定语 frozen food 冷冻食品 fallen leaves 落叶 <><><> 过去分词短语可以作名词的后置定语 The fish caught yesterday is still alive. 昨天捉来的鱼还活着。 The trees planted by the foreign visitors are growing well. 外国观光者种的那些树长势良好。 <><><> 有些不及物动词必须和副词搭配才能作定语 well-behaved children 行为端庄的孩子 newly-come visitors 新来的观光客

ing形式和它的定语

ing形式可以受冠词和形容词的修饰，而不定式不能。 <><><> The landing was delayed for half an hour because of the bad weather. 由于天气恶劣，着陆推迟了半个小时。 Some explaining is needed for this problem. 这个问题需要作些解释。

不定式作定语

不定式短语作定语时，必须放在中心词的后面，作后置定语 Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗？ It's time to start spring sewing. 春播的时间到了。 That's the best way to solve the problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。 You have no right to talk like that. 你没有权利那样说话。 Perhaps in years to come we shall meet again. 或许在未来的岁月中我们还会见面。

后置定语

注意： 短语或从句作定语时，必须放在中心词的后面，叫做后置定语。 <><><> 不定式短语作定语 He has a lot of questions to ask. 他有许多问题要问。 <><><> ing形式短语作定语 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你认识躺在大树底下的那个男孩吗？ <><><> ed分词短语作定语 The fish caught yesterday is still alive. 昨天捉来的鱼还活着。 The trees planted by the foreign visitors are growing well. 外国观光者种的那些树长势良好。 <><><> 介词短语作定语 The man under the tree is my father. 树下的那个男人是我爸爸。  <><><>  从句作定语 He is the man who wants to see you. 他就是想要见你的那个人。

定语

形容词作定语 He's a tall man. 他是个高个子的男子。 <><><> 名词作定语 There are a lot of banana trees on the island.（banana） 岛上有许多香蕉树。 <><><> 数词作定语 Three thousand people watched the game. 三万人观看了球赛。 <><><> 限定词作定语 Many men are working there. 许多人在那儿工作。 <><><> ing形式作定语 There is a swimming pool near our school. 我们学校附近有一个游泳池。 <><><> ed分词作定语 frozen food 冷冻食品 fallen leaves 落叶

I didn't cry when I learned I was the parent of a mentally handicapped child. I just sat still and didn't say anything while my husband and I were informed that two-year-old Kristi was - as we suspected - retarded.
　　"Go ahead and cry," the doctor advised kindly. "Helps prevent serious emotional difficulties."
　　Serious difficulties notwithstanding, I couldn't cry then nor during the months that followed.
　　When Kristi was old enough to attend school, we enrolled her in our neighborhood school's kindergarten at age seven.
　　It would have been comforting to cry the day I left her in that room full of self-assured, eager, alert five-year-olds.Kristi had spent hour upon hour playing by herself, but this moment, when she was the "different" child among twenty, was probably the loneliest she had ever known.
　　However, positive things began to happen to Kristi in her school, and to her schoolmates, too. When boasting of their own accomplishments, Kristi's classmates always took pains to praise her as well: "Kristi got all her spelling words right today." No one bothered to add that her spelling list was easier than anyone else's.
　　During Kristi's second year in school, she faced a very traumatic experience. The big public event of the term was a competition based on a culmination of the year's music and physical education activities. Kristi was way behind in both　music and motor coordination. My husband and I dreaded the day as well.
　　On the day of the program, Kristi pretended to be sick. Desperately I wanted to keep her home. Why let Kristi fail in a gymnasium filled with parents, students and teachers? What a simple solution it would be just to let my child stay home. Surely missing one program couldn't matter. But my conscience wouldn't let me off that easily. So I practically shoved a pale, reluctant Kristi onto the school bus and proceeded to be
sick myself.
　　Just as I had forced my daughter to go to school, now I forced myself to go to the program. It seemed that it would never be time for Kristi's group to perform. When at last they did, I knew why Kristi had been worried. Her class was divided into relay teams. With her limp and slow, clumsy reactions, she would surely hold up her team.
　　The performance went surprisingly well, though, until it was time for the gunnysack race. Now each child had to climb into a sack from a standing position, hop to a goal line, return and climb out of the sack.
　　I watched Kristi standing near the end of her line of players, looking frantic.
　　But as Kristi's turn to participate neared, a change took place in her team. The tallest boy in the line stepped behind Kristi and placed his hands on her waist. Two other boys stood a little ahead of her. The moment the player in front of Kristi stepped from the sack, those two boys grabbed the sack and held it open while the tall boy lifted Kristi and dropped her neatly into it. A girl in front of Kristi took her hand and supported her briefly until Kristi gained her balance. Then off she hopped, smiling and proud.
　　Amid the cheers of teachers, schoolmates and parents, I crept off by myself to thank God for the warm, understanding people in life who make it possible for my disabled daughter to be like her fellow human beings.
　　Then I finally cried.

To me March 28th was a lucky day. It was on that particular evening that I found myself at central stage, in the spotlight. Winning the "21st Century·Ericsson Cup" Seventh National English Speaking Competition is a memory that I shall treasure and one that will surely stay.

More important than winning the Cup is the friendship that has been established and developed among the contestants, and the chance to communicate offstage in addition to competing onstage. Also the competition helps boost public speaking in China, a skill hitherto undervalued.

For me, though, the competition is a more personal experience. Habitually shy, I had been reluctant to take part in any such activities. Encouraged by my friends, however, I made a last-minute decision to give it a try. In the course of preparation I somehow rediscovered myself, a truer me.

I found that, after all, I like communicating with other people; that exchanging views can be so much fun—and so much rewarding, both emotionally and intellectually; that public speaking is most effective when you are least guarded; and that it is essential to success in every walk of life.

At a more practical level, I realized knowing what you are going to say and how you are going to say it are equally important. To take the original ideas out of your head and transplant them, so to speak, to that of others, you need to have an organized mind. This ability improves with training.

Yet there should not be any loss or addition or distortion in the process. Those ideas that finally find their way into another head need to be recognizably yours. Language is a means to transmit information, not a means to obstruct communication. It should be lucid to be penetrating.

In China, certain public speaking skills have been unduly emphasized. Will it really help, we are compelled to ask, to bang at the podium or yell at the top of your lungs, if you have come with a poorly organized speech, a muddled mind, and unwillingness to truly share your views?

Above all, the single most important thing I learnt was that as a public speaker, you need to pay attention, first and foremost, to the content of your speech. And second, the structure of your speech: how one idea relates and progresses to another.

Only after these come delivery and non-verbal communication: speed control, platform manner, and so on. Pronunciation is important, yet of greater importance is this: Is your language competent enough to express your ideas exactly the way you intend them to be understood?

I was informed afterwards that I was chosen to be the winner for my "appropriately worded speech, excellent presence and quick-witted response". In so remarking, the judges clearly showed their preference: they come to listen for meaningful ideas, not for loose judgments, nor easy laughters.

Some contestants failed to address their questions head on. Some were able to, but did not know where to stop—the dragging on betrayed their lack of confidence. The root cause was that they did not listen attentively to the questions. Or they were thinking of what they had prepared.

As I said in my speech, "It is vitally important that we young people do more serious thinking ... to take them [issues like globalization] on and give them honest thinking is the first step to be prepared for both opportunities and challenges coming our way". We need to respond honestly.

A competition like this draws talented students from all over the country. And of course, I learnt more things than just about public speaking. Since in the final analysis, public speaking is all about effective communication. And this goes true for all communications, whatever their setting.

And the following is the final version of my speech:

GLOBALIZATION:
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
FOR CHINA'S YOUNGER GENERATION

Thirty years ago, American President Richard Nixon made an epoch-making visit to China, a country still isolated at that time. Premier Zhou Enlai said to him, "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world—twenty-five years of no communication". Thirty years since, China and America have exchanged many handshakes. The fundamental implication of this example is that the need to communicate across differences in culture and ideology is not only felt by the two countries but by many other nations as well.

As we can see today, environmentalists from different countries are making joint efforts to address the issue of global warming, economists are seeking solutions to financial crises that rage in a particular region but nonetheless cripple the world economy, and politicians and diplomats are getting together to discuss the issue of combating terrorism. Peace and prosperity has become a common goal that we are striving for all over the world. Underlying this mighty trend of global communication is the echo of E. M. Forster's words "Only connect!"

With the IT revolution, traditional boundaries of human society fall away. Our culture, politics, society and commerce are being sloshed into one large melting pot of humanity. In this interlinked world, there are no outsiders, for a disturbance in one place is likely to impact other parts of the globe. We have begun to realize that a world divided cannot endure.

China is now actively integrating into the world. Our recent entry to the WTO is a good example. For decades, we have taken pride in being self-reliant, but now we realize the importance of participating in and contributing to a broader economic order. From a precarious role in the world arena to our present WTO membership, we have come a long way.

But what does the way ahead look like? In some parts of the world people are demonstrating against globalization. Are they justified, then, in criticizing the globalizing world? Instead of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, they say, globalization enables the developed nations to swallow the developing nations' wealth in debts and interest. Globalization, they argue, should be about a common interest in every other nation's economic health.

We are reminded by Karl Marx that capital goes beyond national borders and eludes control from any other entity. This has become a reality. Multinational corporations are seeking the lowest cost, the largest market, and the most favourable policy. They are often powerful lobbyists in government decision-making, ruthless expansionists in the global market and a devastating presence to local businesses.

For China, still more challenges exist. How are we going to ensure a smooth transition from the planned economy to a market-based one? How to construct a legal system that is sound enough and broad enough to respond to the needs of a dynamic society? How to maintain our cultural identity in an increasingly homogeneous world? And how to define greatness in our rise as a peace-loving nation? Globalization entails questions that concern us all.

Like many young people my age in China, I want to see my country get prosperous and enjoy respect in the international community. But it seems to me that mere patriotism is not just enough. It is vitally important that we young people do more serious thinking and broaden our mind to bigger issues. There might never be easy answers to those issues such as globalization, but to take them on and give them honest thinking is the first step to be prepared for both opportunities and challenges coming our way. This is also one of the thoughts that came to me while preparing this speech.

（1）一粥一饭，当思来之不易。
半丝半缕，恒念物力维艰。
The growing of rice and of grain
Think on whenever you dine;
Remember how silk is obtained
Which keeps you warm and looks fine.

（2）宜未雨而绸缪，勿临渴而掘井。
In periods of drought
Wise birds mend their nest
So when the clouds burst
They snugly may rest;
Never be the fool
Who starts to dig a well in the ground
When he wants a drink of water
And water can’t be found.

（3）与肩挑贸易毋占便宜，
与贫苦亲邻须加温恤。
Bargain you not with the traveler who vends;
Share of your wealth with your neighbors and friends.

（4）居家戒争讼，讼则终凶；
处世戒多言，言多必失。
Don’t take into court your family disputes,
Unpleasant endings emerge from lawsuits;
To comport yourself well in society,
Restrain loose tongue’s impropriety.

（5）勿恃权势而凌孤寡；
勿贪口腹而恣杀性。
Use not your bow and arrow
To bully orphan and widow.
Do not dumb animals slaughter at will
Your appetite greedy to over fulfill.

（6）乖僻自是，悔悟必多；
颓惰自甘，家园终替。
Egocentric people grow
Much regret and sorrow;
Lazy, slothful people sow
Poverty tomorrow.

（7）施惠勿念；受恩莫忘。
In proclaiming your virtues go slow;
And be mindful of mercy you own.

（8）凡事当留余地，
得意不宜再往。
Leave room for retreat
When trying new feat.
You will try, try in vain
To repeat windfall gain.

（9）人有喜庆，不可生忌妒心；
人有祸患，不可生欣幸心。
Don’t envy other’s success;
Don’t gloat o’er other’s distress.
(注：o’er即over，为了译文的音律而采用缩略的形式)

（10）善欲人见，不是真善；
恶恐人知，便是大恶。
To brag of the good you have done
Will never impress anyone.
Personal scandals you try hard to hide
Will soon be known far and wide.

There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons, and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds.
The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversation, the well-prepared dishes, the dishes, the goodness of wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes.
Although in fact it is chiefly an act of imagination, it has serious consequence in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, nobody wishes them success. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their misconduct. These people should change this bad habit and condescend to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them.

Books are to mankind what memory is be the individual. They contain the history of our race, the discoveries we have made, the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages; they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature, help us in our difficulties, comfort us in sorrow and in suffering, change hours of weariness into moments of delight, store our minds with ideas, fill them with good and happy thoughts, and lift us out of and above ourselves.
Many of those who have had, as we say, all that this world can give, have yet told us they owed much of their purest happiness to books. Macaulay had wealth and fame, rank and power, and yet he tells us in his biography that he owed the happiest hours of his life to books. He says: “If any one would make me the greatest king that ever lived, with palaces and gardens and fine dinners, and wines and coaches, and beautiful clothes, and hundreds of servants, on condition that I should rather be a poor man in a garret with plenty of books than a king who did not love reading.”
Precious and priceless are the blessings which the books scatter around our daily paths. We walk, in imagination, with the noblest spirits, through the most sublime and enchanting regions.
Without stirring from our firesides we may roam to the most remote regions of the earth, or soar into realms when Spender’s shapes of unearthly beauty flock to meet us, where Milton’s angels peal in our ears the choral hymns of Paradise. Science, art, literature, philosophy,---all that man has though, all that man has done,----the experience that has been bought with the sufferings of a hundred generations,---all are garnered up for us in the world of books.

There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-term and long-term goals.
Short-term goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possibly months. It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, our short-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals. Upon completing our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on the foundation of the short-term goals. They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year, or they could even extend for several years. Any time you move a step at a time, you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step, you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed. And as your list of completion dates grow, your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-term goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.

1.Outside a muffler shop: "No appointment necessary, we hear you coming."

　　一家消声器店外："根本不用预约，我们听到你来了！"

　　2.Outside a hotel: "Help! We need inn-experienced people."

　　酒店门外："帮帮忙！我们缺少常住小酒馆的人。"

　　3.On a desk in a reception room: "We shoot every 3rd salesman, and the 2nd one just left."

　　接待室的桌上："三个一轮！我们要毫不留情地赶走第三个推销员！注：第二个刚刚离开。"

　　4.In a veterinarians waiting room: "Be back in 5 minutes, Sit! Stay!"

　　兽医的候诊内："稍候5分钟。趴下，别动！"

　　5.At the electric company: "We would be de-lighted if you send in your bill. However, if you don't you will be."

　　在电气公司："如果你送来钞票，我们会很高兴；如果你不送，就会被断电。"

　　6.On the door of a computer store: "Out for a quick byte."

　　电脑专卖店门上："出去找一个更快的字节。"

　　7.In a restaurant window: "Don't stand there and be hungry, come on in and get fed up."

　　餐馆橱窗："别饿着肚子傻呆在那儿，进来吧，吃顿饱饭！"

　　8.Inside a bowling alley: "Please be quiet, we need to hear a pin drop."

　　在保龄球馆："保持安静，我们需要倾听大头针落地。"

　　9.In the front yard of a funeral home: "Drive carefully, we'll wait."

　　在墓地的前院："开车当心，我们会等着你的。"

　　10.In a counselors office: "Growing old is mandatory, growing wise is optional.

　　在咨询师办公室："变老是由上帝控制的，变聪明是由自己控制的。

"He was just doing his job, Mrs. Conroy," the man said patiently.

"But he left me out here alone," Mrs. Conroy said. "Now it's getting late. I have to get home and fix dinner. What kind of bus driver refuses to take passengers?"

The man in the blue suit stepped toward Mrs. Conroy and took her arm again. This time she didn't resist. He patted her hand and smiled down at her. "You'll have to forgive the driver for being rude, Mrs. Conroy. He's new at the job. But he was only following orders. You see, Mrs. Conroy, this is the end of the line. You don't have to worry about getting home and fixing dinner.Our passengers only go one way."

Afternoon was Mrs. Conroy's favorite time of day. After a hard day at work, her eyes were tired and her feet hurt. She enjoyed the nice long nap she took on the bus. Mrs. Conroy had made friends with the bus driver, Mr. Angstrom. He always woke her up before her stop. She usually felt fresh as a daisy when she got off the bus.

But today was different. Mr. Angstrom wasn't driving. A small man in a wrinkled uniform sat in the driver's seat.

"Where's Mr. Angstrom?" asked Mrs. Conroy, dropping her money into the box.

"I don't know. Sick, I guess. I just work here, lady. Step to the rear."

Mrs. Conroy hoped that Mr. Angstrom was all right. She didn't like this new driver. She decided not to sleep on the way home today. She didn't want to ask this driver to wake her. He didn't look like the type who'd want to do anyone a favor.

Mrs. Conroy looked out the window. It was a warm afternoon. Though she tried to keep her eyes open, the gentle rocking of the bus had a lulling effect. Within a few minutes her eyes closed. Her head dropped to her shoulders. In spite of herself, Mrs. Conroy fell fast asleep.

The next thing Mrs. Conroy knew, a hand was on her shoulder. Someone was shaking her awake.

"Wake up, lady. We've come to the end of the line. Wake up."

Mrs. Conroy blinked and opened her eyes. The bus driver looked down at her. "I said, this is the end of the line, lady. Time to get off the bus."

Mrs. Conroy peered out the window. "Where am I?" she asked. "I was supposed to get off at Essex Avenue."

"You're at the last stop, lady. Come on, get off the bus. I have a schedule to keep to."

Mrs. Conroy was having trouble waking up. She staggered to her feet. The bus driver took her arm and helped her down the aisle. As she stepped off the bus, she felt a sense of panic. "Wait a minute," she said in a shrill voice. "This isn't Essex Avenue. Where am I? How can I get home?"

"Cool off, lady. I told you, you're at the end of the line. We all make it here sooner or later."

"But why can't I ride back with you?" she pleaded. "I have the fare!"

"Sorry, lady," he said as he closed the door. "It's against the rules."

Mrs. Conroy watched the bus disappear down the road. She looked around and tried to figure out what part of the city she was in. Suddenly the sun seemed awfully bright.

Mrs. Conroy squinted. She didn't recognize this place. There were no trees around, no street signs, and no people. The city seemed to have ended miles back. She couldn't get her bearings. There was nothing to see in any direction. Nothing at all. Mrs. Conroy wondered if she were still dreaming.

"Are you ready, Madam?"

The voice came from behind her. Mrs. Conroy whirled around, her heart beating rapidly.

"Who? What? Are you speaking to me?"

A tall, handsome man in a blue pin-striped suit stepped forward. His suit reminded her of the one that her boss, Mr. Burton, always wore. What was a businessman doing so far out here in the country?

The man smiled. "Yes, Mrs. Conroy. I've come to meet you. It's time to go now."

"Go where? What are you talking about? And how do you know my name?" The man in the blue suit smiled.

"I know it must be very confusing, Mrs. Conroy. Most people seem to feel that way at first. But as we go along, everything will become quite clear." He took her by the arm. "It's all right," he said kindly. "Just come with me."

"No! I'm not going anywhere with you. Why should I? I don't even know who you are," Mrs. Conroy said. She pulled away from the man and stepped back.

The man smiled gently. "I'm only an assistant, Mrs. Conroy," he said.

"Well, Mr. Assistant, there must be some mistake. I just fell asleep and stayed on the bus too long. Then the driver made me get off. He wouldn't take me back with him! He talked some nonsense about rules. I'm going to call the company and report him!"