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killua8368 Posts:
810
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Join Date:
27-Jul-2007
Location:Beijing 北京
Age:20-24 |
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29-Aug-2007 15:55
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主谓一致问题解析
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主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord )
主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。 这是因为在不同情况下,处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点:1、语法一致 2、意义一致 3、就近原则。
语法一致
主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式。例如: A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。 Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式) 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:
1、不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:
Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。 To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。 What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。
2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:
Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。 Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。 Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。
3、表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore . 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。 The United States is leading the world in science and technology . 美国常在世界科技方面领先。 The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs . 联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。
4、a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:
A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。 The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death. 近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。 A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。 A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。例如:
On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳。 Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。 A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。
6、有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。例如:
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱。 A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently. 最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。
意义一致( Notional Concord )
这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1) 当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出,它们与主语之间有","隔开。例如:
Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price. 最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。 The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。 The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。 The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night. 昨晚,那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas. Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price. The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher. As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner. The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.
2) 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如: Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month. 人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。 Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。 Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。
3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词 也应该用复数。例如: The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience. 一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。 In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉。
4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作 单数,谓语动词用单数。另外,当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数, 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如:War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。 Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality. 中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。 Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee. 加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。
5) 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式。例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。 The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。 The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception. 人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局。 The public now come to know the whole story. 人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。
就近原则( Principle of Proximity )
这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等。例如:
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。 Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。 Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts. 不仅仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。 Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事。
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29-Aug-2007 15:55
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英语的基本句式
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从英语的句子结构上说,除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外,在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式,一般地说,某些动词用在某一句式中,下面笔者把这些句型和常用的动词进行归类,供你参考。
1.S(主) + Vi(不及物动词)(谓) Time flies. 1) S + V + adverbial(状语) Birds sing beautifully. 2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase(介词短语) He went on holiday. 3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式) We stopped to have a rest. 4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词) I'll go swimming.
2. S (主)+ Vt (及物动词)(谓)+ O(宾) We like English. 1) S + VT + N/Pron I like music. I like her. 2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式) I want to help him. 常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。 3) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive I don't know what to do. 常用于这句型的动词有:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。 4) S + VT + Gerund I enjoy living here. 常用于这句型的动词有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。 5) S + VT + That-clause I don't think (that) he is right. 常用于这句型的动词有:Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得), hear(听说), hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind(当心), notice, propose, request, report, say, see(看出),show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪)。
3. S (主)+ V(谓)(lv)( 系动词)+ P(表) We are Chinese. 除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。 1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词) He is a boy. This is mine. 2) S + Lv + Adj(形容词) She is beautiful. 3) S + Lv + Adv (副词) Class is over. 4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. 5) S + Lv + Participle(分词) He is excited. The film is interesting.
4. S (主)+ VT (谓)+ In O(间接 宾) + D O(直接 宾) I give you help. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N I sent him a book. I bought May a book. 2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me. 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来), give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。 间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等。
5. S (主)+ VT(谓)+ O(宾) + O C(宾补) I make you clear. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom. 常用于这句型的动词有:appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。 2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white. 常用于这句型的动词有:beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order. 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive I wish you to stay. I made him work 常用于这句型的动词有:a)不定式带to的词:advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。b)不定式不带to的词:feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch等。 5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (分词) I heard my name called. I feel something moving. 常用于这句型的动词有:catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等。 6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive He show me how to do it. 常用于这句型的动词有:advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。 7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause He told me that the film was great. 常用于这句型的动词有:assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm等。 S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do. 常用于这句型的动词有:Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell
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29-Aug-2007 15:54
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英语中的边缘介词
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边缘介词(Marginal Prepositions)指的是那些在语法功能上与介词相似的词。本文所要介绍的是那些貌似动词却非动词的边缘介词。与一般介词不同的是,这类介词的词形较特别:除少数词以动词原形出现以外,大多数词为分词形式。由于其独特的词形,加上一般语法书上又没有给出详尽的用法说明及例句,人们往往很难将这些词同介词联系在一起。事实上,作为一种较为特殊的介词,它们同样具有一般介词所具有的某些语法功能,在现代英语中的运用也并不少见。例如《大学英语》第一册中有这样的一个句子“...with more dignity than I would have thought possible considering his appearance.” 句中的“considering”就是一个十分常见的边缘介词。对于每个英语学习者来说,了解并掌握一些类似的边缘介词是很有必要的。这里,我向读者介绍一些常见的类似动词的边缘介词。 一、 形似现在分词的边缘介词
英语中,绝大多数类似动词的边缘介词都为现在分词形式,其中最为常见的有以下一些:
1.barring(不包括,如果没有):
Barring special circumstances, the plane will arrive on schedule.
如无特殊情况,飞机将准时到达。
2.concerning(关于,就……来说):
We had several discussions concerning the matter.
关于这事,我们已讨论好几次了。
3.considering(鉴于,就……而论):
Considering his age, he writes quite well.
以他的年龄来看,他写得相当不错。
4.excepting(除……之外),该词用于句首或not,without,always之后。
Everyone helped, not excepting John.
每个人都帮了一把,连约翰也不例外。
5.failing(如果在……中失败,如果没有):
Failing specific instructions, use your own judgment.
如无具体指示,请自行酌办。
6.pending(直到),此词为正式用语。
This matter must wait pending his return from Europe.
这件事要等到他从欧洲回来后再说。
7.regarding(关于),此词为正式用语,常用于商业信函中。
Yesterday, we had a spirited discussion regarding the future of the reform.
昨天,我们就改革的前途进行了一番热烈的讨论。
8.respecting(关于,至于):
I'm at a loss respecting his whereabouts.
关于他的下落,我一无所知。
9.touching(关于,提到),该词用于正式语体或书面语。
Touching the case, I suggest that we should go to ask the litigant.
关于这个案子,我建议我们去问问当事人。
10.wanting(没有):
Wanting courage, victory is impossible.
没有勇气,就不可能取得胜利。
二、形似过去分词及形同动词原形的边缘介词
这类介词为数不多,最常用的有以下几个:
1.given(考虑到):
Given the present conditions, I think she's done rather well.
考虑到目前的条件,我认为她做得相当不错了。
2.granted (that)(假定,即使):
Granted (或Granting) that she should come to lend you a hand, it doesn't mean she will.
即使她应该来帮你一把,也并不意味着她会这样做。
3.bar(除……之外):
We'll come on time bar(或barring)traffic delay.
除非路上堵车,我们将准时到达。
4.save(除……之外),此词为正式用语。
The screen was all dark save for one bright spot.
除了一个光点之外,屏幕上一片黑暗。
从以上所给例句中,我们不难看出,这类介词同样具有一般介词的语法功能,它们在句中主要用作状语或在名词短语之后作后置修饰语。有一点需要说明的是,有些以分词形式出现的词,除了有边缘介词的功能以外,还有其他一些功能,如连接词的功能,这就非本文所讨论的范围了
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29-Aug-2007 15:53
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人称代词的句子角色及主宾格替换
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人称代词的句子角色
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如: John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如: When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如: I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语) a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶? b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
主宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。 ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。 ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。 ---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗? ---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格 a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。 ---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格) I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格) I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格) They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
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29-Aug-2007 15:53
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英语祈使句精讲及练习
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一、祈使句(Imperative Sentence)
定义:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。
祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。例:
Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手。——命令) Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.) (请安静。——请求) Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。——劝告) Watch your steps. (走路小心。——警告) Look out!Danger! (小心!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句) Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪。——禁止) No parking. (禁止停车。——禁止) 祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些,例如: You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯你去告诉他。)
二、相关口令
祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去; 动词原形谓语当, 句首加don't否定变; 朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号。
三、表现形式
●肯定结构:
1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 请这边坐。 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。
2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!
3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。
●否定结构:
1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。如:Don't forget me! 不要忘记我! Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到!
2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。
3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!
练习:
将下列汉语翻译成英语。 1. 请照看好您的包。 ___________________. 2. 让我们去学校吧! ___________________! 3. 亲爱的,高兴点儿! ___________________! 4. 不要把书放这儿。 ___________________. 5. 不要让猫进来。 ___________________.
Key: 1. Please look after your bag 2. Let's go to school 3. Be glad, dear 4. Don't put the book here 5. Don't let the cat come in / Let the cat not come in
"let"带头的祈使句
由"let"带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型,它的主要用法有下列三种: 1.表示“建议”。 这个句型里的"let"后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语,如: (1) Let me try. (2) Let's do it. (3) Let me go and look for it. 这个句型语气委婉,比直接的祈使句客气。试比较(4)a和(4)b: (4) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him. (a)是直接命令,语气强烈,不如(b)温柔悦耳。
2.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。 这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词,如: (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir.
3.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。 这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外,有时还语带讽刺,如: (7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own. (8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time.
用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:
一、"let" 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let....."(见例(9));如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not" (见例(10)): (9) Don't let this type of things happen again. (10) It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain.
二、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态 (the passive voice),如: (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted.
三、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without"to")之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等: (13) Let the puppy out. (14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in. (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. (16) Let me alone, please.
四、用"Let's"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let us"时,并不包括对方,如: (17) Let's try it, shall we? (18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
从(17)里的"shall we"和(18)里的"will you",不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有
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29-Aug-2007 15:52
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英语翻译时不要被长句吓倒
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首先不要被长句吓住,即使是很长的句子,也是由最基本的成分组成。分析句子的基本成分,主语、谓语、宾语、状语。抓住主干部分,然后逐次分析各词意思以及相互间的逻辑、语法关系,再进行翻译。值得注意的是关系分句的翻译。关系分句主要功能是作名词(词组)的后置修饰语(即定语),但除作名词修饰语外,关系分句还可起其他作用,比如起状语分句和并列分句的作用,因此译成汉语时要注意,限定性关系分句翻译时因为英文置于名词后,汉语则将其置于先行项(antecedent)的前边,使其译成带有“的”字的定语句子,如:I want a wife who will work and send me to school.(我想要个既能工作又能送我上学的老婆)。有的句子过长,前置会显得累赘,或不符合汉语的习惯,这样我们翻译时将从句后置,把它翻译成跟主句平行的并列句。如:I want a wife who will not trouble me with a wife's duties but always listens to me.(我想要个老婆,她不会以妻子的义务来打搅我,而是始终听命于我。)
非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间有比较松散的关系。就其意义上来说,在句子中有时相当于二个并列分句,有时在语义上起状语分句的作用,翻译时可将其后置译成并列句,例如:The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.(太阳温暖了大地,这才使植物有可能生长。)也可以完全脱离主句,译成独立句。如:She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.(她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。)
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29-Aug-2007 15:52
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怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时
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现在让我们来比较一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时。在比较这两个时态时,关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解,因为对于现在完成时我们已经有了一个基本的理解了。 现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。 现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较:
(1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如: We have been cleaning the classroom.(a) We have cleaned the classroom.(b) (a)句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是:我们身上都是灰。(b)句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是:现在教室很清洁,可以用了。又,(a)句表示教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。 Be careful! John has been painting the door.(a) John has painted the door.(b) (a)句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心。(b)句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了。
(2)现在完成进行时有时有延续性,现在完成时往往没有。如: They have been widening the road.(a) They have widened the road.(b) (a)句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工。(b)句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性(如一些属于持续体的动词),但无临时性质。如:
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978.(a) Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b) (a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有。
(3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质,如: My moth! er has been teaching English for twenty years.(a) My mother has taught English for twenty years.(b) (a)句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化。(b)句则较为正式。又,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并将延续下去,(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。
(4)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如: Have you been meeting her lately?(a) Have you met her lately?(b) (a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复。
(5)现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言。如: What have you been doing?(a) What have you done?(b) (a)句表示惊异。(b)句只是一个问题。
Have you been waiting long?(a) Have you waited long?(b) (a)句较(b)句生动。又,(a)句比较口语化。
I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a) I have long wanted to meet you.(b) (a)句比(b)句更亲切,更有礼貌。
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a) Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b) (a)句显然是在表扬玛丽。(b)只说明一个事实。
下面还有一例,颇为有趣: Who's been eating my apples?(a) Who's eaten my apples?(b) (a)句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,(b)句只是希望回答的一个问题。又,(a)句兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,(b)句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”
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29-Aug-2007 15:51
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学习课堂的六个窍门
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1、投资我们的时间和心智。我们并不傻,有足够的智慧和大脑空间来消化储存那些ABCD。别人能学会,我们也能学会,只要我们善于投资自己的时间。上帝赋于我们每日24小时,上班8小时,睡觉7小时,三餐饭2小时,莫名其妙kill2小时,无论如何应有1小时来学习。越忙的人,越有时间做事;越闲越懒散的人,越找不到时间来做事。
2、要从心底滋生出一种对英语的喜爱之情。把学英语当成一个开心而愉快的美差,而不是硬着头皮、头悬梁、锥刺骨的苦力。因此,先要从简单的入手,找一本好教材或一本故事书(生词量不超过30%)悉心研读,默识揣摸,就会有收获感,尝到甜头,进而信心更足,如开始就啃一本词汇量太大,没有词典看不下去的书,只会扼杀学习兴趣,降低情绪,最终放弃。
3、要有自我约束力,且称之为“心力”吧。春来不是读书天,夏日炎炎正好眠,秋来蚊虫冬又冷,背起书包待明年。总有一些理由不学习。这样下去,我们的英语之树永远长不大。古人云:“人静而后安,安而能后定,定而能后慧,慧而能后悟,悟而能后得。”很有道理。在四川大足佛教石刻艺术中,有一组大型佛雕《牧牛图》,描绘了一个牧童和牛由斗争、对抗到逐渐融合、协调,最后合而为一的故事。佛祖说:“人的心魔难伏,就象牛一样,私心杂念太多太多;修行者就要象牧童,修炼他们,驯服他们,以完美自已的人生。”我们学英语也一样,要能够驯服那些影响我们学习的大牛、小牛,抵制各种诱惑,集中精力,专心学习。
4、要有信心。英语不过是表达思想的一种工具、一种说话习惯而已。我们要坚信,只要有投入,有付出,就会有收获。绝不会“付出的爱收不回。”
5、要有实际行动。一个真正的马拉松运动员绝不会空等奥林匹克金牌从天下掉下来,现在就行动起来。
6、要有连续性、持续性。学英语是一个漫长的过程,走走停停便难有成就。比如烧开水,在烧到80度时停下来,等水冷了又烧,没烧开又停,如此周而复始,又费精力又费电,很难喝到水。学英语要一鼓作气。天天坚持,在完全忘记之前及时复习、加深印象,如此反复,直至形成永久性记忆。如果等到忘记了再来复习,就象又学新知识一样,那么,我们就永远是初学者,虽然在辛辛苦苦地烧开水,却难品味到其甘润。
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29-Aug-2007 15:50
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不可数名词量的表示
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1)物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如: a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议
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29-Aug-2007 15:49
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名词复数的不规则变化
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1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形 如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
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29-Aug-2007 15:48
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长难句基本句型的分析
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近几年,考研英语出现了很多难句。并且这些难句主要是长难句。长难句的形成主要通过以下四种方式:复合从句、成分省略、使用插入语和改变句序。这四种方式往往可以相互结合,从而形成更长的难句。虽然形成长难句之方法有四,但是目的却只有一个,就是打断和打乱考生正常的阅读习惯和思维习惯,从而达到考察考生阅读能力和翻译能力的目标。下面分别对这四种方式一一解析。
一、复合从句
在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴,当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。这种语法处理,并不是从语言学研究角度进行的,而是从教学角度出发做出的从简处理。
(一)简单复合从句
简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。套用从句,其实是最简单的长难句。这类句子就像一根锁链,只要抓住句子的各个连接点,理出句子层次,就完全可以把握住。 在翻译定语从句时,“这(些/个)”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。阅读时,定语从句一般可以跳过,实在不放心可以略读。一般情况下,考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。 并列从句大致有四种情况:并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。其实,并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同,只不过并列从句一般较长,会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。并列从句修饰主语,就是说并列从句作状语。这种句子很简单。翻译时,可以直译,把从句作定语,直接放在主语前面。如果从句很长,可以使用复指代词。另外,翻译从句先行词时,要注意词性的转换,比如hope/ suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。考生要切忌拘于词性。并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。一般情况下,这些从句都不完整,多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。事实上,现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语,都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。 并列从句修饰宾语。宾语有两种,一种是单纯宾语,另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。单纯宾语指在句中作宾语成分;准宾语指在介词后面的宾语。并列从句修饰单纯宾语的句子结构很清晰,阅读难度不大,但翻译有些难度。并列从句修饰准宾语的就比较难了。因为后面有很长的介词短语会使考生在阅读中忘记句子前面的意思。
(二)复杂复合从句
复杂复合从句,就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略,插入和倒装等形式,从而加大了句子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略,语用省略一般很少。出现插入语,其实是指这些词或短语的插入,使句子语法成分的联系打断,句子的整体性受到冲击,从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时,一般多可以翻为状语,有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时,越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换,然后进行语序恢复。
背诵例句: 1.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 译文:许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。 2.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
译文:这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。 3.Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds. 译文:部队突然开了火,打死四人,还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。 4.The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure. 译文:那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王,只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。 5.Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives. 译文:我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。 6.To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. 译文:在我们看来,成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子,他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。
二、成分省略
语言有个节省性原则。成分省略,主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略,也就是说是为了某中具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子变得富有变化和难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高,因此需要熟记。
背诵例句: 1. It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone. 译文:即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式,这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。 2. To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices. 译文:对美国人来说,个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的选择。 3. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it?if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death. 译文:女人们从心底认为:挣钱是男人的事情,女人只管话花钱??可能的话丈夫在世时就花;不行的话,那就在丈夫去世后再花。 4.I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either. 译文:我可以接受这个事实,因为我明白如果我都不能避免出错,那么其他 的外科大夫出错也就难免了。 5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.?and have. 译文:凭借坚强的意志,人类能够移山填海。而事实上人类已经做到。 6.The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died. 译文:战争终于结束,但却是在千万人在战争中丧生之后才结
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29-Aug-2007 15:46
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英语口语的学习方法
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口语学习第一层:纠正发音
一、为何要学习音标?
许多人英语学了“好几遍”到头来连48个音标都读不出、列不全,当然还有些英语学习者尚不知道英语共有26个字母。这说明什么问题呢?首先,英语教师难辞其咎。你没有把音标的事情向学生交待清楚,你没有找到行之有效的办法使学生改变其浓重的地方音,或者是你没有把纠音的任务当成你的份内之事;其次,英语学习者也脱不了干系。你从没有认认真真地学习过这48个音标,你总想着一口气吃成个胖子,或者是你早早地就失去了耐性。
任何一个英语单词都由音、形、意三部分构成。音标标其声、字母合其形、定义传其意。如果你只把握了形意部分而搞不清发不准声音部分,那怎么能够算是学会了这个词呢?语言的主要目的是传达思想的,当思想需要口语来传达时,发音的规范性便开始左右传达的效率了。同时,发音如写字一样代表着一个人的门面。你写得一手好字,人人都会对你有好感;你说一口流利而标准的英文,既便你的英语整体水平不高,人家也会认为你英语学得不错。
我也见过许多很有语言天分的人,他们知识渊博、思想深邃、词汇丰富、表达流畅、滔滔不绝。美中不足的就是五音不全,语音错误率令人瞠目结舌。就此现象而言,我想说的是,语言以达意为主,你说的别人听得懂,你能保持顺畅的交际便可以了;问题在于这种做法是退而求其次的一种无奈之举,是以损失交际效果及个人形象为代价的。
学音标的另一个优越之处是能够提高词汇的积累效率。汉语的拼音与汉字之间几乎没有什么联系,可以说是两种语言系统,所以汉语是世界上最难学习的语言之一;而英语则不同,音标组合与字母组合之间有相当多的规律可以遵循。我的学生都知道我给他们列出的记词标准:看到生词便能发出其音,重读不错则不许有错;听到生词便能写出其形,允许有一至两个字母的差错。记单词的顺序在我这里因此就成了先记发音,再通过发音识记词形,最后才是把音形与意通过记忆、运用等方式牢牢掌握住。据学生的反映,这种方法使他们摆脱了每个词写上百八十遍的记词法、记单词不是很累、听力有所加强等等。当然也有负面的反映,有几个小学生向我告状,说他们的英语老师课上考单词是念汉语意思让他们写出英语单词来,所以写得都不好,要是读英语写英语,就准保没问题。
二、选择英语还是美语?
英语音标还有英式与美式之分,这给英语学习者带来了不小的混乱。所以首先我们来谈一下英美音的取舍问题。我国的英语教育在很长一段时间里是以标准的英国英语为准绳,因此以前所编著的小初中高及大学教材几乎无一例外的是英式英语的。随着近年来中国英语教育的大转向,美语教材开始频频出现。这里多少有政治因素在里面,我们且不去谈,只要明白美语在你未来的英语学习中将占很大的部分就可以了。
针对这种情况,我的建议是,还是要先学习国际音标,然后在国际音标的基础上再学习美式音标。因为我的经验证明这样的做法比较简单可行。以后我会给大家列出英美语发音区别的一个单子供大家参考。至于你是选择说英式英语还是美式英语,我觉得这个问题比较复杂,因为我连自己说的到底是英式还是美式也不是很清楚,呵呵,我只能说我说的英语具有很明显的美语倾向。我之所以这样说是想告诉你,所谓英式英语与美式英语之分对于英语初学者是没什么必要的,你既便是象李阳的学生那样说一口漂亮的美音,你也未必说的是美式英语,因为英美语的差别不只是发音上的,还有用词啊、语法啊、语篇啊、文化啊等等无以数计的区别呢。我们在这方面能做的只能是在发音上尽可能的向英式或美式靠近一些,不要在发音上不伦不类就可以了,至于其它层次上的区别,想做到不不伦不类可就很难喽。说到这我就来问你个问题,你怎么念这个词:WATER。这是能检验你发音是否不伦不类的一个好词,呵呵。等你看了我给你开出的英美音区分表,你再回头想想你刚才读的是英音、美音还是两者都不是。英美音问题先说到这儿,接下来谈谈学习音标的方法。
三、怎样校正音标?
大家都知道我们中国人说的英语有一个雅号,叫中国式英语(Chinglish)。中国式英语至少有以下三个特点(1)发音奇特;(2)语法奇特;(3)思维奇特。后两个特点超出了本讲义的内容,这里忽略不计。我们来看看中国式英语的发音奇特之处:
1. 平翘舌不分:如this读成Dis, orange读成oranZe。这种现象通常发生在我国北方地区,以沈阳为典型,我们抚顺也是一样。我的学生就总笑话我汉语平翘舌不分,可奇怪的是我英语平翘舌分得倒是清楚得很。
2. 清辅音浊化并拉长:如Stop读成Stoper,如I think I have come to the point that 变成了“I ThinKER I haDER coMMMe to the poinTER thaTER…”。晕!
3. [ t∫ ]与[ dз ]加音:如China读成Chuainer。Change读成Chuenjü,典型特点是嘴撅得老高。
4. [r]与[ł];南方有些地域的人发不出[r]音,所以把[r]都读成[l],如three就变成了thlui;而Little前面的L读[l],后面的L读[ł],而这个[ł]在发音时只要把舌尖轻轻顶上去就行了,而许多人总是把舌尖向后卷起,就产生了可笑的littOUOHH。
5. 双元音发音不到位,不饱满:典型的就是I [ai] 读成[e], time读成[tem]。
以上列出的是我所知的最常见的中国式英语的发音特征。若其中有一种情形符合你的发音特点,那就说明你得重新学一下音标了。找一本中小学英语课本,把国际音标列表找出来,然后参照以下提示开始你的纠音过程。
(一)音标分元音与辅音两类,元音相当于汉语的声母,辅音相当于汉语的韵母。元音在发音时空气没受到任何阻碍便从你的体内出来了;而辅音在出来时多多少少都受到了一些阻碍,如舌头,牙齿,嘴唇等等。
(二)先学会那12个单元音。带 [:] 的叫长元音,是指其发音长度相当于两个无此符号的单元音那么长。这12个单元音至关重要,希望你能找本磁带边听边练。
(三)12个单元音掌握好了,余下的8个双元音就相当好学了。首先,双元音是两个单元音结合成的,所以音位相当于两个单元音的长度。其次,你先发前一个单元音,再发后一个单元音,并尽力使两者的过渡圆滑些就成了。如[au]是[a:]向的过渡。把[ε]看成是[e]的变体就解决了[ε¶]的发音。
(四)辅音有清辅音与浊辅音之分。清辅音发音时声带不振动,而浊辅音声带要振动,两者的差别仅此而已。这一点是关键。比如说清辅音[t],在发音时你舌尖顶在上牙膛,然后让舌尖落下来的同时,冲出一口气流来就成了。在此过程中只要你没出声就行。然后你重复上一过程,这回你让声带振动,发出声来,你所听到的就是[t]相对的浊辅音[d]。既然清浊辅音口型一致,只是出不出声的问题,那么你就可以自己制作一张更好学的辅音表,把所有辅音按清浊分成一对一对的,再加练习,不就简单多了么。
(五)以下几对辅音比较难以掌握,值得你多加练习:[θ]—[δ],[∫ ]—[з ],[ t∫ ]—[ dз ]。
(六)[w]—[j]叫半元音,介于元音与辅音之间,换句话说就是气流所受的阻碍微乎其微,体会体会吧。
(七)[m]—[n]—[l]—[η]可化为一组。其中前三个都有两种发音,在音节前是一种,在音节后是一种。你可以通过Man, Name, Little这三个词来体会一下,而[η]则通常与结合,成为[iη]音,如English;当然也有与其它元音结合的时候如[כη]或[Λη]音。
(八)有人不知道[ts]—[dz]怎么读,这两个音标是专门解决单词结尾出现S的情况的如,cats和beds.你发这两个音时只要用一点力就成了。[tr]—[dr]其实也不难啊,你发发tree与dream不就会了么。
(九)元辅音结合(或元音自己)便能产生声音。一个元音与一个或多个辅音结合在一起称之为一个音节,一个单词就是由一个或多个音节构成的。
(十)如果一个单词的音标是由两个或两个以上的音节构成就得需要有一个重音符号来标明哪个音节要读得重一些。关于这一点的相关内容属第二层的问题。今天就谈到这儿吧,现在该轮到你去实践了! 口语学习第二层:音标组词
呵呵,刚刚见到这位朋友的回帖,对本讲义的结构框架划分方法很感兴趣。在此不妨先澄清一下我的思路。本讲义的题目是英语口语的学习方法,其实质则是英语口语的入门法则。其所针对的目标读者并非仅限于英语初学者,而是所有的英语学习者。现在有很多英语学习者不注重看似简单的口语基本功问题,这是一个很令人担忧的现象。因此,讲义的主体是口语的发音基本功问题(前四层),第五层则是在基本功牢固的基础上提高一步,从语言的本质角度重新定位英语口语的学习,使语言能够有效地为交际服务。换而言之,第五层不是口语学习的封顶,而是另一层次的口语学习的入口。用一个简单的流程来描述我的这五层,那便是音素—词汇—句法—语篇—语用。也许本讲义写得较为简单,但里面所反映的思想则是我多年来形成的对语言的理解,这一点大家一定要记住。这位朋友没有留下您的论坛地址,如果您能再次阅读本文的话,请留下相关网址,THX。
言归正传,现在来谈第二层:音标组词。如果第一层过关了,那么第二层则显得颇为简单。如果说第一层是以音素的角度来谈论口语,那么本层则是基于单词的角度。前文说过,一个英语单词的音标是由一个或几个音节构成的,两个音节以上的单词在音标里则要标明重音的位置。这些规则里包含的问题我在下面逐条展开。
首先,是音标组合的辅音连缀问题。这是英语学习者最常犯的错误之一。所谓辅音连缀是指两个或两个以上的辅音同时集中在一起的情况,如CLASS中的CL,SPLASH中的SPL等等。辅音连缀的发音方法可以归结为一句话:前轻快、后重缓。也就是说CLASS中的C读得越轻越快就越好,L读得则越重越慢才越好,两者之间决不要出现间隙。掌握了这一条规则,那么在你听音的时候对于象CLASS这样的词你才不会听错。
其次,是音标组合中的清辅音浊化问题。我们上面区分了清辅音与浊辅音。这里给大家引出一个并不成文的规则,那就是当一些清辅音如[t] [k] [p] [tr]等出现在[s]音后且该音节是重读音节时,这些清辅音要浊化成相对的浊辅音,即[d] [g] [dr]。如street, 在发音时应当发成[ s dr i: t ],其它的如Stay, school, space, scream, scar, Stwart等等。说该规则不成文是因为有些词超出了此规定,典型的如discovery。这个词英语本族人读起来尚存争议,其中的C一些人不浊化,读成[k],而另一些人则浊化,读成[g]。由于S后面的浊化音在英语音标里体现不出来,所以很容易为英语学习者所忽略。
再有,是音标组合中的失爆问题,所谓失爆(或者爆破),是指当有些辅音一起出现时,前一个要嘎然而止,只做口型不发其音。如aCtive与blaCKboard中的[k]音,sePtember中的[p]音等等。关于失爆的问题我在第三层里会细细加以说明。
最后,是音标中的弱化问题。关于弱化(或者弱读)我在第三层还会着重去讲,这里只简要说一下规则:当单元音出现在非重读音节时,在很多时候都会弱化成[¶],当然不包括单词结尾处的音节。如Holidy与California中的LI音节,希望大家能够记住这条小规则,因为这对于通过音标记单词而言是很重要的一点。
在解决了以上几个微观问题之后,我们回过头再来谈论音标组合与单词拼写之间的密切关系给我们带来的好处。前面讲过英语单词由音、形、意三部分构成,许多人只重后两者,这实质上就是“哑巴英语”的根源之一。反过来想,如果我们以音为记单词的开始,就等于是在运用视觉与听觉两种感观系统来消化单词,这样的效果自然要强于只记形意的那种方法。那么具体怎么来操作呢?首先,要利用你刚掌握了的那些音标知识把一个生词的音标拼出来,反复读给自己听直到默记于心为止。接下来,你可以把音标蒙上,看着词形凭记忆把音标读出来。在读的过程中你要反复去思考哪个音是由哪个音标发出来的。你研究音标组合的过程实际上就是结合音与形的过程,同时,你还在为以后的生词学习积累音标组合常识。这样的记法至少有三点好处。第一,你不必动手去抄写单词,力半功倍;第二,以后任何文章你都会读得非常流畅,不管其中的生词有多少,因为你会养成一个见词就拆的毛病;其三,在听到任何生词时,你会很快地记下它的拼写,然后通过查阅词典等方式弄懂其含义。这种记词方法在开始的时候比较难适应,只要你能挺过来(多说三两周的光景),我相信你会感谢我的,呵呵。这一层就到此为止好了。 第二层的内容的实质是利用音标积累词汇的习惯问题,道理很简单,但形成习惯总是会费一番力气的,希望大家能够坚持住。今天来说第三层,句子层次的发音问题。这里涉及到的技巧主要包括重音、连读、爆破、弱化、意群停顿等内容,由于纯是技巧性的东西,就比较好掌握些,要比上一层简单。受我个人的发音倾向左右,我觉得所讲的技巧性东西更适合于美式英语而非英式英语。
首先,我们来讲意群停顿的问题。我们说话不是一个字一个字地向外蹦的,而是按语言单位一组一组地说出来的。“夹…手了!”听过这个笑话吧,你看,“夹手”属一个语言单位,分开来说是大喘气,人家不夹你的手夹谁的呀!英语当然也不例外,主、宾、定、状等语言单位内部(包括动词短语等)最好不要分开来读,而语言单位与语言单位之间则可以停顿,如Most of us | like to eat potatoes|. But most people | do not know | what part of the potato | is best for food. 刚开始时你可以慢些来练习,该停顿的地方就停顿。等顺手了之后,你再把停顿的间隙拉长,如Most of us like to eat potatoes|. But most people do not know | what part of the potato is best for food.
其次,我们来讲重音的问题。前文说过,单词是有重音的。而由数个单词构成的一个句子当然也就有句子的重音。什么是重音呢,重音就是发得比其它音节明显要重的音呗,那为什么它要比别的音重呢?因为说这句话的人想强调这个音呗,呵呵,这样思考就对了。我们来看这句话“This was a red car yesterday.”
试问这句话的重音在哪里?THIS was a red car yesterday(就这台,昨个儿还是红的呢). This WAS a red car yesterday(这台车昨个儿确实是红的嘛). This was a RED car yesterday(昨天这车红的呀). This was a red CAR yesterday(咋整地,昨天这红家伙是车呀). This was a red car YESTERDAY(就昨个儿,这车还红的呢). 呵呵,都有可能啊!语言学书上说,人说的话里包含有新信息(他想说的而别人还不知道的)和旧新息(他说过的而别人已知道的)之分,从这个角度讲,句子的重音通常是落在新信息上。那么好了,我把重音的问题基本交待清楚了,我们接下来讲连读、爆破与弱化,合起来讲。
既然句子的重音我们找到了,那么我们是不是可以这样思考,一句话是不是可以看成是一个大单词呢?好,我们还是以上句话为例来理解一下。This was a red CAR yesterday [δisw¶z¶red’ka:rjest¶di]。我们的结论出来了,读一句话时把它看成是一个单词,重音位要读得清楚、缓慢,非重音位要读得含糊、快捷。换句话说,我们是把一个句子切分成了两部分,一部分是重音,一部分是非重音。我们要把非重音部分快速地连接在一起,这样才能突出重音的部分,意思传达的才清楚。在美语里这种理解被称为是语言的连锁现象,就象一条铁链一样,你随便抓起某一个铁环,其它的铁环就都会向一个方向靠拢。
重音位好发了(只要读的清楚,慢一些就可以了),问题是怎么来实现非重读音的连锁呢?方法不外乎三种口语基本技能,即连读、爆破与弱化。英语学习者们一般都比较了解这三种(或者说前两种)基本技能。简单些说,连读是指第一个单词的尾音为辅音,而第二个单词的首音是元音,这就符合了音标中的元辅音构成音节的规律,所以便产生了连读,如stand up。然而有许多英语学习者由于没有养成按发音记单词的习惯,容易受词形的蒙骗,注意不到一些潜在的连读,如one of them便是一个典型。再有一种典型的潜在性连读更容易受到忽略,从而导致了听音上面的困难,如tell him, tell her. 由于[h]是发得很弱的一个辅音,所以人们发它时,常常就略过去了,那自然就产生了tellim与teller这样的连读现象。既然我们从连读问题已然过渡到了语音的弱化问题,那么我们现在就开始审视一下弱化的现象。谈到弱化,我突然间想起了一件觉得很有意思的事儿,不妨说来分享。一位老师问另一位老师“这个us [¶s]在这里为什么这么用呢?”,这时在同一教研室的老师轰然大笑,说“这位新来的老师真是有意思,[Λs]居然读作[¶s]。”这位老师很不服气,暗地里去查词典,发现两种读法都对,就变得很生气。你怎么看这个问题呢?我先说说我的看法。首先,这位新老师是对的。因为US一词只有出现在词典里或者当我们只谈US这个词时,它才是重读的,其它情况下都被弱化掉了从而成为[¶s],因为它没有被强调的必要啊;其次,那些发笑的老师是对的。因为当你现在谈US这个词时,你应当重读啊,为什么要弱化它呀。呵呵,我的看法就是这样。我们现在实际是在谈弱化现象的本质,即为了加快语速,形成连锁,以突出话语的侧重点,让人家知道你的意图何在。希望大家还记得我在上面讲单词的音节时提到的[¶]弱化规律,该规律同样也适合与句子中的弱化。我跟我的学生讲,见到AND你就读N就完了[Λnd—¶nd—¶n—n],BUT也同理,因为人们除了在句首时,哪里还有强调AND这个连词的时候啊。那么为什么一些单元音通常都会弱化成[¶]音呢,我觉得可能是因为[¶]音口型小,发起来不用把嘴张得象[Λ]那样大,很容易过渡到其它音上,速度自然就快。基本交待清楚了吧?哦还有爆破的问题,估计大家都专心地练习过,我就不多讲了,只提一下爆破发生的原因。为什么要爆破?就是因为相关的两个辅音音位太接近了,如Sit down。太接近了的两个音就好象一个音你要连续发两遍,多别扭啊。你听听,si T D own.!我觉得这属于纯粹的低级错误,其根源是对语言连锁现象的不了解。
归根结底,说话要有个重点,为突出这个重点就要通过意群停顿、连读、爆破及弱化等连接手段将非重音部分连成一体以有别于你的那个重点。这样理解符合人们正常说话的规律,且有利于你形成语感,提高语速,稍带着解决了你的听力问题。今天讲到这
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29-Aug-2007 15:33
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白领英语100句
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1.I’m an office worker. 我是上班族。
2.I work for the government. 我在政府机关做事。
3.I’m happy to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
4.I like your sense of humor. 我喜欢你的幽默感。
5.I’m glad to see you again. 很高兴再次见到你。
6.I’ll call you. 我会打电话给你。
7.I feel like sleeping/ taking a walk. 我想睡/散步。
8.I want something to eat. 我想吃点东西。
9.I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
10.I would like to talk to you for a minute. 我想和你谈一下。
11.I have a lot of problems. 我有很多问题。
12.I hope our dreams come true. 我希望我们的梦想成真。
13.I’m looking forward to seeing you. 我期望见到你。
14.I’m supposed to go on a diet / get a raise. 我应该节食/涨工资。
15.I heard that you’re getting married. Congratulations.听说你要结婚了,恭喜!
16.I see what your mean. 我了解你的意思。
17.I can’t do this. 我不能这么做。
18.Let me explain why I was late. 让我解释迟到的理由。
19.Let’s have a beer or something. 咱们喝点啤酒什么的。
20.Where is your office? 你们的办公室在哪?
21.What is your plan? 你的计划是什么?
22.When is the store closing? 这家店什么时候结束营业?
23.Are you sure you can come by at nine? 你肯定你九点能来吗?
24.Am I allowed to stay out past 10? 我可以十点过后再回家吗?
25.The meeting was scheduled for two hours, but it is now over yet. 会议原定了两个小时,不过现在还没有结束。
26.Tom’s birthday is this week. 汤姆的生日就在这个星期。
27.Would you care to see it/ sit down for a while? 你要不要看/坐一会呢?
28.Can you cover for me on Friday/help me/ tell me how to get there? 星期五能不能请你替我个班/你能帮我吗/你能告诉我到那里怎么走吗?
29.Could you do me a big favor? 能否请你帮我个忙?
30.He is crazy about Crazy English. 他对疯狂英语很着迷。
31.Can you imagine how much he paid for that car?你能想象他买那车花了多少钱吗?
32.Can you believe that I bought a TV for $25?
33.Did you know he was having an affair/cheating on his wife? 你知道他有外遇了吗?/欺骗他的妻子吗?
34.Did you hear about the new project? 你知道那个新项目吗?
35.Do you realize that all of these shirts are half off? 你知道这些衬衫都卖半价了吗?
36.Are you mind if I take tomorrow off? 你介意我明天请假吗?
37.I enjoy working with you very much. 我很喜欢和你一起工作。
38.Did you know that Stone ended up marrying his secretary? 你知道吗?斯通最终和他的秘书结婚了。
39.Let’s get together for lunch. 让我们一起吃顿午餐吧。
40.How did you do on your test? 你这次考试的结果如何?
41.Do you think you can come? 你认为你能来吗?
42.How was your weekend ? 你周末过得怎么样?
43.Here is my card. 这是我的名片。
44.He is used to eating out all the time. 他已经习惯在外面吃饭了。
45.I’m getting a new computer for birthday present. 我得到一台电脑作生日礼物。
46.Have you ever driven a BMW? 你有没有开过“宝马”?
47.How about if we go tomorrow instead? 我们改成明天去怎么样?
48.How do you like Hong Kong? 你喜欢香港吗?
49.How do you want your steak? 你的牛排要几分熟?
50.How did the game turn out? 球赛结果如何?
51.How did Mary make all of her money? 玛丽所有的钱是怎么赚到的?
52.How was your date? 你的约会怎么样?
53.How are you doing with your new boss? 你跟你的新上司处得如何?
54.How should I tell him the bad news? 我该如何告诉他这个坏消息?
55.How much money did you make? 你赚了多少钱?
56.How much does it cost to go abroad? 出国要多少钱?
57.How long will it take to get to your house? 到你家要多久?
58.How long have you been here? 你在这里多久了?
59.How nice/pretty/cold/funny/stupid/boring/interesting.
60.How about going out for dinner? 出去吃晚餐如何?
61.I’m sorry that you didn’t get the job. 很遗憾,你没有得到那份工作。
62.I’m afraid that it’s not going to work out. 我恐怕这事不会成的。
63.I guess I could come over. 我想我能来。
64.Is it okay to smoke in the office? 在办公室里抽烟可以吗?
65.It was kind of exciting. 有点剌激。
66.I know what you want. 我知道你想要什么。
67.Is that why you don’t want to go home? 这就是你不想回家的原因吗?
68.I’m sure we can get you a great / good deal. 我很肯定我们可以帮你做成一笔好交易。
69.Would you help me with the report? 你愿意帮我写报告吗?
70.I didn’t know he was the richest person in the world.我不知道他是世界上最有钱的人。
71.I’ll have to ask my boss/wife first.我必须先问一下我的老板/老婆。
72.I take it you don’t agree. 这么说来,我认为你是不同意。
73.I tried losing weight, but nothing worked. 我曾试着减肥,但是毫无效果。
74.It doesn’t make any sense to get up so early.那么早起来没有任何意义。
75.It took years of hard work to speak good English. 讲一口流利的英语需要多年的刻苦操练。
76.It feels like spring/ I’ve been here before. 感觉好象春天到了/我以前来过这里。
77.I wonder if they can make it. 我在想他们是不是能办得到。
78.It’s not as cold / hot as it was yesterday. 今天不想昨天那么冷/热。
79.It’s not his work that bothers me; it’s his attitude. 困扰我的不是他的工作,而是他的态度。
80.It sounds like you enjoyed it. 听起来你好象蛮喜欢的。
81.It seems to me that be would like to go back home. 我觉得他好象想要回家。
82.It looks very nice. 看起来很漂亮。
83.Is everything under control? 一切都在掌握之中吗?
84.I thought you could do a better job. 我以为你的表现会更好。
85.It’s time for us to say “No” to America. 是我们对美国说不的时候了。
86.The show is supposed to be good. 这场表演应当是相当好的。
87.It really depends on who is in charge. 那纯粹要看谁负责了。
88.It involves a lot of hard work. 那需要很多的辛勤工作。
89.That might be in your favor. 那可能对你有利。
90.I didn’t realize how much this meant to you. 我不知道这个对你的意义有这么大。
91.I didn’t mean to offend you. 我不是故意冒犯你。
92.I was wondering if you were doing anything this weekend. 我想知道这个周末你有什么要做。
93.May I have your attention., please? 请大家注意一下。
94.This is great golfing / swimming/ picnic weather. 这是个打高尔夫球/游泳/野餐的好天气。
95.Thanks for taking me the movie. 谢谢你带我去看电影。
96.I am too tired to speak. 我累得说不出活来。
97.Would you tell me your phone number? 你能告诉我你的电话号码吗?
98.Where did you learn to speak English? 你从哪里学会说英语的呢?
99.There is a TV show about AIDS on right now. 电视正在播放一个关于爱滋病的节目。
100.What do you think of his new job/ this magazine? 你对他的新工作/这本杂志看法如何?
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29-Aug-2007 15:33
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当前英美最实用,最简洁,最生动的日常口语
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从起床到出门
1、早上好!
Good morning.
2、闹钟响了吗?
[B]Did the alarm clock go off[B]?(got off)是闹钟响的意思
Did the alarm clock buzz?
Did the alarm clock ring?[/B][/B]
3、该起床了
It’s time to get up
It’s time to wake up
It’s time to get out of bed
It’s time to get ready
4、快点起床!
Get up soon
5、你醒了吗?
Are you awake
6、你不舒服吗?
Are you feeling sick
7、睡得好吗?
Did you sleep well
8、能帮我关掉闹钟吗?
Would you turn off the alarm clock
9、你终于起来了。 You finally got up
10、今天是个好天!
It’s a nice day
It’s a beautiful day
It’s a wonderful day
It’s a great day
昨晚你熬夜了?
Did you stay up late last night
Did you got to bed late last night
把被子叠好。
Let’s fold up the futon
昨天晚上你打呼噜了。
You were snoring last night.
我做了个可怕的梦
I had a nightmare.
你一直没关灯。
You left the light on.
我得洗脸了
I have to go wash my face.
该吃早饭了
it’s time to eat breakfast.
我还困着呢
I’m still sleepy.
我还打哈欠呢
I’m still yawning.
我是个夜猫子
I am a night person.
21、我是用咖啡来提神的
coffee wakes me up.
22、我得梳梳头了
I have to comb my hair.
23、穿什么好呢?
What should I wear?
24、快换衣服
hurry up and get dressed.
25、把睡衣放好
put those pajamas away!
26、我走了,妈妈
I’m leaving. Mom!
27、今天我们逃学吧
let’s play hooky today!
28、你毛衣穿反了
you’re wearing your sweater inside out.
29、上下颠倒了
it’s upside down
30、别忘了扔垃圾
don’t forget to take out the garbage.
31、今天该你扔垃圾了
It’s your turn to take out the garbage.
32、今天你干什么
What are you doing taday?
33、你快点,我们该迟到了
If you don’t hurry, we’ll be late
34、快点,上学该迟到了
Hurry or you’ll be late for school.
35、你锁门了吗
Did you lock the door?
36、没忘了什么东西吧
Aren’t you forgetting something?
37、都已经8点了
It’s already 8:00
38、我晚了
I am late!
39、我得赶紧走
I have to rush
40、你今天会回来得晚吗
Are you gonna be late tonight?
41、几点回来
What time are you coming home?
42、饭盒带了吗
Have you got your lunch box?
43、今天好像要下雨
It might rain today
44、出门的时候,可别忘了锁门
Don’t forget to lock the door when you leave
45、我回来了
I am home
I am back
46、你回来了
Welcome home
Welcome back
47、今天过得愉快吗?
Did you have a good time today
48、今天怎么样?
How did it go today
How was your day
49、我可以出去玩会吗?
Can I go out to play
50、我饿了
I am hungry
51、点心在哪里
Where are the snacks.
52、我去补习学校了
I am going to cram school now
53、能给我点零花钱吗
May I have my allowance
54、真累呀
I’m tired
I’m exhausted
I’m pooped(俚语)
55、晚饭你想吃什么?
What would you like for dinner?
What do you want for dinner?
What do you want to eat for dinner?
56、你能帮我准备餐具吗
Would you help me set the table?
(set the table是将刀、叉和杯子在桌子上摆好,准备吃饭的意思)
57、晚饭做什么好呢?
What should I make for dinner
What should I whip up for dinner
What should I cook for dinner
What should I fix for dinner
58、还是家好啊
It’s good to be home
There’s no place like home
It feels so good to be home
59、你能不能赶紧去商店
Would you run to the store?
60、洗澡水烧好了
The bath is ready
61.我要冲个澡
I’m taking a shower
62.晚饭做好了
Is dinner ready
63.妈妈,今天晚饭吃什么?
Mom, what’s for dinner tonight?
64.晚饭吃什么?
What’s for dinner?
65.今天吃咖喱饭
Today, we’re having curry.
66.还要多久才能做好呀!
How soon can you get it ready?(同how long 的区别)
67.我吃了啊.
Let’s eat.(可以说I have already eaten吗?)
68.请先吃吧
Please go ahead.(可以说you are first吗?)
69.这把刀真快呀!
This knife cute well, doesn’t it?
70.水开了。
The water is boiling。
71.开饭了
Come and get it!
72.该吃饭了
It’s time to eat
73.这就来了
I’m coming
74.手洗干净了吗?
Did you wash your hands well?
75.别弄酒了
Don’t spill it!
76.把碗里的菜吃光
Eat all of your vegetables.
77.把饭吃光
Finish up your plate.
78.我不喜欢吃芦笋
I don’t like asparagus.
79.谢谢您的款待
It was very delicious. Thank you.
80.能帮我收拾盘子吗?
Would you clear the table?
81. I want to take a nap我真想睡个午觉;
82. I’m going to lie down. 我去躺一会.
83.you’re pretending to be asleep. 你在装睡呀
84.were you sleeping? 你睡着了吗
85.it’s stuffy in this room.这间房子通风真差。
86.will you take the dog for a walk? 你去遛遛狗吧
87.help me. 帮帮我吧
88.take care of my brother and sister . 帮我照顾弟弟妹妹
89.clean up your room.把你的屋子收拾收拾
90.help me clean up the house. 帮我打扫卫生
送礼物
91. This is for you这是给你的
92. What do you want for your birthday.过生日想要什么礼物?
生活习惯
93. I usually work out after work. 我经常下班以后运动。
大家要注意work out的用法啊!give more examples :)
work out (1. no object): exercise (usually in a gym, etc.) to build muscles, body tone, etc.
"Instead of eating lunch on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, arnold goes to the recreation center to work out."
work out (2. separable): solve a problem / resolve a difficult situation (usually by working together).
"I know we disagree on many points, but I believe we can work things out."
94. I have started jogging我开始慢跑锻炼
95. I quit smoking我戒烟了
96. Do you dream often. 你经常做梦吗
97. I have been forgotten lately. 最近我总是丢三落四的
98. When is this due? 什么时候到期
99. It’s due on the thirtieth. 交费日期截止到30号
100. Could you give me change? 你能帮我换一下零钱吗?
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29-Aug-2007 15:31
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英语口语-SHOPPING 购物
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Reception 接待
1. Do you find anything you like?
你找到你喜欢的吗?
2. What can I do for you?
你要些什么?
3. Can I help you?
我能帮你吗?(需要些什么?)
4. Are you being helped?/Are you being served?
你需要帮忙吗?
5. Is there anybody waiting on you?
有人招呼你吗?
Choosing and buying选择与购买
Choosing 选择
1. I want a pair of shoes/a jacket.
我想买一双鞋/一件夹克。
2. I’d like to see some towels.
我想看看毛巾。
3. Show me that one, please.请把那个给我看看。
4. Let me have a look at this watch.
把这只表让我看看。
5. Would you show me this cup?
你能把这只杯子让我看一下吗?
6. I’m interested in this new type of car.
我对这款新车很有兴趣。
7. I’m just looking, thanks.
我只是看看,谢谢。
8. I’d like to have a look if you don’t mind.
如果不介意,我想看一下。
An attempt 试穿
1. Could you try it on please? How is it?
请试穿看看好吗?如何?
2. I like this one. May I try it on?
我喜欢这一种。我能试穿吗?
Inquiry 询问
1. Do you have any on sale?
你们有什么特卖品吗?
2. Do you carry hundredpercent cotton pants?
你们有百分之百纯棉的裤子吗?
3. Can you get me one?
你们能补货吗?
4. If I orded a suit now, how long could it take before I got delivery?
如果我现在订一件西装,要多久才能接到货?
Size and color 尺寸和颜色
1. The fit isn’t good.
尺寸不太合适。
2. It’s too big.
太大了。
3. Too small.
太小。
4. It seems to fit well.
好像蛮合身的。
5. They punch my toes.
把我脚趾夹疼了。
6. Can I have a size larger?
可以给我一个大一点儿的吗?
7. How about this blue one?
这个蓝色的怎样?
8. This color is very pupular.
这个颜色很流行。
9. This blue color goes well with the light blue dots on the dress.
这种蓝色和衣服上的淡蓝色小点很配。
Price 价格
1. How much does it cost?
多少钱?
2. What’s the price for this suit?
这套西装多少钱?
3. How much do I have to pay for it?
我要付多少钱?
4. How much are these ties?
这些领带要多少钱?
5. I’ll give it to you for 5250.
5250元美金卖给你。
6. Can you make it cheaper?
你能便宜点吗?
Check 付钱
1. How can I pay?
我要如何付钱?
2. May I write a check for you?
我能开支票吗?
3. Do you take traveler’s checks?
你们接受旅行支票吗?
4. Sorry, we don’t take checks.
对不起,我们不接受支票。
5. How about 98 down and 100 a month?
先付头期款98美元,每月再付100美元,如何?
6. I’ll take this.
我要这个。
The others 其他
1. Take one’s measurement.
为某人量尺寸。
2. I think we’re out of your size.
我想你的尺寸(的衣服)已卖光了。
3. Check back next Sunday.
你下星期天再来看看。
Dialogue 对话
1. A:Do you want any meat today, Mrs. Bird?
波德太太,你今天要点肉吗?
B:Yes, please.
是的。
A:This lamb’s very good.
这块羔羊肉很好。
B:I like lamb, but my husband doesn’t.
我喜欢羔羊肉,但我丈夫不喜欢。
A:What about some steak? This is a nice piece.
来些牛排好吗?这块很好。
B:Give me that piece, please.
请给我那一块吧。
And a pound of mince, too.
我还要一磅肉糜。
2. A:Can I help you?
您想要买什么?
B:I’d just like to have a look around.
我只想随便看看。
A:Are you looking for some apples?
你想要一些苹果吗?
B:I could also buy some apples if they’re nice.
如果苹果不错的话,我也可以买一些。
3. A:Do you like this dress, madam?
夫人,你喜欢这种衣服吗?
B:I like the color very much. It’s a lovely dress, but it’s too small for me.
我很喜欢这种颜色,这件衣服很好看,但我穿太小了。
A:What about this one? It’s a lovely dress, it’s very smart. Short skirts are in fashion now. Would you like to try it?
这件怎么样?这件很好看,非常时髦。短裙现在很流行。你想穿上试试吗?
B:All right.
好的。
4. A: Have you any shoes like these?
你们有这种鞋子吗?
B:What size?
什么尺码?
A:Size five.
五号的。
B:What color?
什么颜色?
A:Black.
黑色的。
B:I’m sorry. We haven’t any.
很抱歉,我们没有。
5. A: How many do you need?
你想买多少?
B:Two Kilograms.
两公斤。
6. A: Are these apples on sale?
这些苹果降价卖吗?
B:That’s our rock bottom price.
这是我们的最低价了。
7. A: That’s too expensive for us. We can’t afford all that money.
对我们来讲,太贵了,我们付不起那么多钱。
B:This model’s less expensive than that one. It’s only twenty-eight pounds. But, of course, it’s not as good as the expensive one.
这种型号比那种要便宜些,只要28镑。但是,当然,它不如那台贵的好。
A: I don’t like this model, the other model’s more expensive, but it’s worth the money.
我不喜欢这种型号。那种型号贵些,但它值这些钱。
A:Can we buy it on instalments?
我们可以分期付款吗?
B:Of course. You can pay a deposit of ten pounds, and then one pound a week for sixty weeks.
当然,你可以先付10英镑定金,然后,每月付1镑,一共付60个星期。
8. A: I think I prefer the blue one if it’s not too much trouble.
如果不太麻烦的话,我想要那件蓝色的。
B:Not at all. I’ll get it for you. Here you are. This is our latest design.不麻烦,我去为你取来。给你,这是最新款的。
A:Could I have a try?
我能试试吗?
B:Certainly. The fitting room is over there.
当然可以,试衣间在那边。
B:It seems to fit you very well.
这件衣服很适合你。
A:All right. I think I’ll take it.
行,我买了。
9. A: Can you come down a bit?
你可以便宜一点吗?
B:That’s almost cost price.
这几乎是成本价了。
10. A: Excuse me, I would like a blue shirt please.
对不起,我想买件蓝色的衬衫。
B:Yes, with pleasure. Here you are.
很愿意为您服务,给您。
11. A:I’m looking for a pair of shoes.
我想买双鞋。
B:Yes, sir. I’d be glad to show you some.
好的,先生。很高兴拿给你看。
12. A: Do you have anything larger than this one?
你有更大点的吗?
B:Yes, we have. Let me show you.
有,我拿给你。
13. A: Would you mind if I try this on?
我能试试吗?
B:No, not at all.
当然可以。
A:Give me a smaller size, please.
请给我拿小一点的。
B:With pleasure. I’d be glad to show you some.
很荣幸为您服务。
14. A: What can I do for you, Madam?
我能为您做什么,女士?
B:I want to buy a suit of clothes.
我想买身套装。
15. A: Is there anything I can do for you, Miss?
有什么我能帮忙的吗,小姐?
B:I’m just looking.
我只是看看。
16. A: I want to buy a camera.
我想买架照相机。
B:I’m sorry. It’s out of stock.
对不起,脱销了。
A:Are you likely to be getting any more in?
你们还进货吗?
B:Look in again next Sunday.
下星期日再来看看吧。
17. A: How much is it?
这个多少钱?
B:Sixty dollars.
60美元。
A:How much does it cost?这个值多少钱?
B:It costs one hundred Yuan.
100元。
A:What’s the price of this one?
这个值多少钱?
B:It’s priced at only eighty Yuan.
只要80元。
A:How much does it come to?
总共多少钱?
B:It comes to two hundred and fourty dollars.
总共240美元。
18. A: Can you come down a little?
你能便宜点吗?
B:That’s the best I can do.
这是最合理的价格了。
19. A: Halfprice computers? How do they do that?
半价计算机?怎么可能呢?
B:I don’t know. Let’s read the fine print.
不知道。我们来看看那个小印刷字吧!
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29-Aug-2007 15:30
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李阳英语228句口语要素
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1. It's up to you.(由你决定。) 2. I envy [羡慕]you.(我羡慕你。) 3. How can I get in touch with you? 4. Where can I wash my hands? (请问洗手间在哪里?) 5. What's the weather like today?(今天天气如何?) 6. Where are you headed [朝…方向行进]? (你要到哪里去?) 7. I wasn't born yesterday.(我又不是三岁小孩。) 8. What do you do for relaxation[消遣、娱乐]?(你做什么消遣?) 9. It’s a small world.(世界真小!) 10. It’s my treat[请客、款待] this time.(这次我请客!) 11. The sooner the better. (越快越好。) 12. When is the most convenient [方便的;便利的] time for you? 13. Take your time.(慢慢来/别着急。) 14. I'm mad about Bruce Lee.(我迷死李小龙了。) 15. I'm crazy[着迷的;狂热爱好的] about rock music. (我对摇滚乐很着迷。) 16. How do I address you?(我怎么称呼你?) 17. What was your name again? (请再说一次名字好吗?) 18. Would you care for[喜欢] a cup of coffee?(要被咖啡吗?) 19. She turns me off.(她使我厌烦。) 20. So far so good.(目前为止,一切都好。) 21. It drives[逼迫;迫使] me crazy.(它把握逼疯了。) 22. She never showed up[出席;露面].(她一直没有出现。) 23. That's not like him.(那不象是他的风格。) 24. I couldn't get through.(电话打不通。) 25. I got sick and tired of hotels.(我讨厌旅馆。) 26. Be my guest.(请便、别客气) 27. Can you keep an eye on my bag?(帮我看一下包好吗?) 28. Let's keep in touch.(让我们保持联系。) 29. Let's call it a day[决定或同意暂时或永久停止(进行某事)]. 30. I couldn't help[避免;阻止] it.(我没办法。) 31. Something's come up[发生/出现].(有点事/出事了) 32. Let's get to the point[要点/核心问题].(让我们来谈要点。) 33. Keep that in mind.(记住那件事。) 34. That was a close call.(太危险了/千钧一发) 35. I'll be looking forward to it.(我将期待这一天。) 36. Chances are slim[渺茫的;微小的].(机会很小。) 37. Far from it.(一点也不。) 38. I’m behind in my work.(我工作进度落后了。) 39. It's a pain in the neck[麻烦的事(人)].(那真是件麻烦事) 40. We're in the same boat.(我们处境相同。) 41. My mouth is watering.(我在流口水了。) 42. What do you recommend?(你推荐什么?) 43. I ache all over.(我浑身酸痛。) 44. I have a runny nose.(我流鼻涕。) 45. It's out of the question.(这是不可能的。) 46. Do you have any openings?(你们有空缺吗?) 47. It doesn't make any difference.(没什么差别/无所谓。) 48. I'm fed up[极其厌烦] with him.(我受够他了。) 49. You can count on[指望;依赖] us.(你可以信赖我们。) 50. It doesn't work.(坏了;不动了。) 51. It's better than nothing.(总比什么都没有好。) 51. Think nothing of it.(别放在心上。) 52. I'm not myself today.(我今天心神不宁。) 53. I have a sweet tooth.(我喜欢吃甜食。) 54. I can't express[表示;表达;表明] myself very well in English. (我不能很好地用英语表达自己。) 55. For the time being.(暂时;暂且;目前) 56. This milk has gone bad.(这牛奶变质了。) 57. Don't beat around the bush. (别拐弯抹角了。) 58. It's up in the air[悬而未决].(尚未确定。) 59. Math is beyond[对某人而言难以想象/理解/估计] me.(我对数学无能为力。) 60. It slipped my mind.(我忘了。) 61. You can't please[使人感到满意和愉快] everyone.(你不可能讨好每一个人。) 62. I'm working on[着手;从事] it.(我正在努力。) 63. You bet!(当然!) 64. Drop me a line[短信].(写封信给我) 65. Are you pulling my leg[同某人开玩笑;取笑]?(你在开我玩笑吗?) 66. Sooner or later.(迟早会的。) 67. I'll keep my ears open.(我会留意的。) 68. It isn't much.(那是微不足道的。) 69. Neck and neck.(不分上下。) 70. I'm feeling under the weather.(我觉得不舒服/精神不好/情绪低落。) 71. Don't get me wrong[误解].(不要误会我。) 72. I'm under a lot of pressure.(我压力很大。) 73. You're the boss.(听你的。) 74. It doesn't make any sense!(毫无意义!) 75. If I were in your shoes[处在某人的位置].(如果我是你的话。) 76. What's this regarding?(这是关于哪方面的?) 77. Over my dead body!(休想!) 78. Can you give me a hand[帮手;援助]?(你能帮个忙吗?) 79. We have thirty minutes to kill[消磨;打发(时间)].(我们有三十分钟空闲时间。) 80. Whatever you say.(随便你。) 81. It'll come to me.(我会想起来的。) 82. You name[具体地(说出来)] it!(你说出来。) 83. Time will tell.(时间会证明的。) 84. I will play it by ear[见机行事;临时现做].(我会见机行事的;到时候再说。) 85. You should take advantage of[利用] it.(你应该好好利用这个机会。) 86. Let's talk over coffee.(我们边喝边谈。) 87. Take it easy.(轻松一点;别紧张;放松放松;再见。)[这是美国人最喜欢说的话,也可作离别用语。] 88. I'm easy to please[使…高兴;讨…喜欢].(我很容易取悦/相处。) 89. Let's give him a big hand.(让我们热烈鼓掌。) 90. As far as I'm concerned.(就我而言。) 91. I'm all mixed up.(我全搞混了。) 92. Let's get together one of these days.(找一天聚聚。) 93. He's behind the times.(他落伍了/跟不上时代了。) 94. I'm pressed for time.(我时间紧迫。) 95. I'm up to my ears[忙得不可开交;深陷于某事物中] in work.(我忙死了。) 96. You can't do this to me.(你不能这么对我。) 97. Just to be on the safe side. (为了安全起见。) 98. I hope I didn't offend you.(希望没有冒犯你。) 99. It won't take much time.(不会花很长时间的。) 100. It's been a long time.(好久不见了。) 101. It’s nothing.(小事情;不足挂齿。) 102. It’s a long story.(说来话长。) 103. It's about time.(时间差不多了。) 104. It's incredible.(难以置信!) 105. It's hard to say.(难说。) 106. I can't imagine why.(我想不通为什么。) 107. That can't be.(不可能。) 108. That's really something.(真了不起。) 109. Are you sure?(你确信吗?) 110. Are you crazy?(你疯了吗?) 111. Excuse me for a moment.(失陪一会儿。) 112. I mean it. I'm serious. I'm no kidding!(我是认真的。) 113. I'll consider this matter.(我会考虑这件事的。) 114. I'll do something about it.(我会想办法的。) 115. What are you talking about?(你在说些什么?) 116. I'm afraid I can't.(恐怕我不行。) 117. I'm dying[很想] to see you.(我真想见你。) 118. I'm flattered.(过奖了。) 119. I'm not in the mood.(我没心情。) 120. I'm so scared.(我怕极了。) 121. I can't make[赶上] it.(我去不了/我赶不上。) 122. You can never tell.(不知道/谁也没把握。) 123. I won't buy[相信;接受] you story.(我不信你那一套。) 124. It hurts like hell!(疼死啦!) 125. It can't be helped.(无能为力。) 126. Sorry to bother you.(抱歉打扰你。[事前]) Sorry to have bothered you.(抱歉打扰你。[事后]) 127. I'm always punctual.(我总是很准时。) 128. You may leave it to me.(交给我来办。) 129. I wish I could.(不行。)[委婉表达法] 130. What's the rush?(什么事那么匆忙?) 131. What's so funny/(有什么好笑的?) 132. I couldn't agree more.(我完全同意。) 133. Stay out of this matter, please.(请别管这事。) 134. Don't just shake you head.(别光摇头,想想办法!) 135. Don't jump to conclusions.(别仓促/过早下结论。) 136. That was a lousy movie.(那电影糟透了!) 137. Have you thought about staying home?(是否考虑在家呆着?) 138. I'll come. I give you my word.(我会来的。我向你保证。) 139. I swear I'll never tell anyone.(我发誓不告诉任何人。) 140. I'll make it up to you.(我会赔偿的。) 141. I'm very / really / terribly / awfully / extremely sorry.(十分抱歉!) 142. Forgive me for breaking my promise.(原谅我食言。) 143. Let's forgive and forget.(让我们摈弃前嫌。) 144. I've heard so much about you!(久仰大名!) 145. Don't underestimate me.(别小看我。) 146. She gives me a headache.(她让我头疼。) 147. It's very annoying.(真烦人。) 148. He often fails to keep his word.(他常常不遵守诺言。) 149. You made me feel ashamed of myself.(你让我感到羞愧。) 150. I hope it turns out all right.(我希望结果很好。) 151. I can't handle this alone.(我无法单独处理这事。) 152. How long will it take to have this radio fixed?(修理这收音机要多久?) 153. Come to me if you're in any difficulty.(有困难来找我。) 154. Who do you think you are?(你以为你是谁?) 155. You're wasting you breath.(你在白费口舌。) 156. It doesn't seem like that.(似乎不象是那样。) 157. Don't get on my nerves!(不要搅得我心烦。) 158. Everything will be fine.(一切都会很好。) 159. I'll be ready in a few minutes.(再过几分钟就好了。) 160. I wonder what happened to him.(我不知道他出什么事了。) 161. You are just trying to save face.(你只是想挽回面子。) 162. His argument doesn't hold water.(他的论点站不住脚。) 163. Your face tells it all.(你的表情透露了一切。) 164. The days are getting longer.(白天越来越长了。) 165. You've got to do something.(你一定要想办法。) 166. I hope this will teach you a lesson.(希望这会给你一个教训。) 167. I feel younger than ever.(我觉得比以前年轻。) 168. It's a hard job, but I hope he can make it. (这不是件容易的差事,但我希望他能做到。) 169. Don't look wise.(别自作聪明。) 170. I'm afraid all my efforts were in vain.(我担心我的努力全白费了。) 171. What happened to you memory?(你的记性是怎么搞的?) 172. You're going too far!(你太过分了!) 173. Don't bury your head in the sand.(不要逃避现实。) 174. I have no other choice.(我别无选择。) 175. I don't have the nerve to do it.(我没胆/勇气去做。) 176. It's a matter of life and death.(事关生死。) 177. Nothing works.(什么都不对劲儿。) 178. Money will come and go.(钱乃身外之物。) 179. He's been behind bars for almost 30 years.(他坐了将近30年牢。) 180. If I had known that, I could have helped you. (假如我早知道,我就能帮你了。)[最实用的虚拟语气] 181. I couldn't care less.(我不在乎。) 182. You have my word.(我保证。) 183. He hit the ceiling at the news.(他听到那消息暴跳如雷/大发雷霆。) 184. I don't mind staying up late.(我不在乎熬夜。) 185. You're too outspoken.(你太直率了。) 186. I can't afford it.(我承担/买不起。) 187. I think it's a reasonable price.(我觉得这是个合理的价钱。) 188. I'd like to try on these hats.(我想试试这些帽子。) 189. He puts me to shame.(他使我蒙羞。) 190. Every dog has his day.(凡人皆有得意时。) 191. Don't give me any excuses.(不要给我任何理由。) 192. Are you out of you mind?(你疯了吗?) 193. He's been everywhere.(他到处都去过了。) 194. What's bothering you?(什么在困扰你?) 195. Who is to blame?(该怪谁?) 196. There're a lot of rumors going around.(很多流言流传着。) 197. I don't feel up to that.(我觉得不能胜任那工作。) 198. I'm mad at myself.(我生自己的气。) 199. It's raining cats and dogs.(下着倾盆大雨。) 200. The sky is getting very cloudy.(天空的云越来越多了。) 201. You won't get away with this.(你逃不掉惩罚的。) 202. I'm tired of going to school day after day.(我厌倦每天上学。) 203. Who am I supposed to see?(我应该去见谁?) 204. His idea is childish.(他的想法很幼稚。) 205. I need small change.(我需要零钱。) 206. Don't try to brainwash me.(别想给我洗脑。) 207. I don't seem to have any luck today.(我今天运气不好。) 208. That reminds me.(那提醒了我。) 209. What the hell are you doing?(你到底在做什么?) 210. I can't seem to get to sleep.(我好象睡不着。) 211. You look very serious about something.(你似乎有很严重的事。) 212. I hope I'm not in the way.(我希望没有造成妨碍。) 213. What are you so excited about?(什么事让你如此兴奋?) 214. Tell me about you trouble.(把你的烦恼告诉我。) 215. I feel much better now.(我感觉好多了。) 216. I hope you will get well soon.(希望你很快会恢复。) 217. She is sick in bed.(她卧病在床。) 218. I have a slight fever.(我轻微发烧。) 219. A fool never learns.(傻瓜永远学不会。) 220. This is the schedule for tomorrow.(这是明天的日程安排。) 221. How late are you open?(你们营业到多晚?) 222. I'm here on business.(我来这里出差。) 223. What's Hong Kong famous for?(香港以什么闻名?) 224. What brings you to Beijing?(什么风把你吹到北京来的?) 225. She looks blue.(她满面忧伤。) 226. I just don't know what to say.(我就是不知道说什么。) 227. Let's have fun tonight.(今晚让我们乐一乐。) 228. Thank you for coming to see me off.(谢谢你来为我送行。)
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29-Aug-2007 15:29
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蓝胡子
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Blue Beard
Ⅰ
Once there was a very rich man. He lived in a beautiful house, and had a beautiful garden. The rich man had a blue beard: so he was called "Blue Beard."
Near the rich man’s house there lived a poor woman. She had three sons, and two beautiful girls. The name of one of the girls was Ann; the name of the other was Fatima. Blue Beard wanted to marry one of the girls; but the girls did not want to marry Blue Beard.
Ann and Fatima did not want to marry the rich man because his beard was blue. Blue Beard had married many wives, but his wives had gone away. No one knew where his other wives had gone. The girls did not want to marry Blue Beard and become his wife, because no one knew where his other wives had gone. So their mother said to Blue Beard, "My girls do not want to marry you."
Then Blue Beard said, " Come and live in my house for some days." So they went and lived in Blue Beard’s house. It was a very beautiful house, and Blue Beard was good to them in many ways.
Fatima said, "His beard is blue, but he is not a bad man. He is very good in some ways. So I will marry him."
So Fatima married Blue Beard and went to live in the beautiful house.
Some days went by. Then Blue Beard said, "I shall go on a journey.’ Then he gave Fatima the keys of all the rooms in the house. He said, "This is the key of that little room; do not open the door of it. …Say that you will not open the door of the little room!"
Fatima said, "I will not open the door of that little room."
Then Blue Beard went away.
When Blue Beard was away, all Fatima’s friends came to see her. She showed them the rooms, and what a beautiful house it was; but she did not open the door of the little room.
The friends went away. Then Fatima said, "Shall I open the door of that little room now? Why did he say, "Do not open it’? I want to see what is in the little room."
Ⅱ
Fatima took the key; she went to the door of the little room, and opened it. In the room she saw all Blue Beard’s other wives. They were dead!
The key fell from her hand. When she took it up there was a red mark on it.
She shut the door. Then she took the key to her room. She said, "Blue Beard will see the mark on the key; he will know that I have opened the door of the little room, and he will kill me, as he killed all the other wives." She rubbed the key with a cloth, but the mark did not go away. She washed the key in hot water, but the mark was not washed away. She rubbed the key on a stone, but she could not rub the mark away.
Blue Beard came back. He called Fatima, and said, "Give me my keys." Fatima gave him the other keys; but she did not give him the key of the little room. He said, "Where is the key of the little room?" She said, "I will bring it." She went and brought it; and he saw the red mark. He said, "You have opened the door of the tittle room. Now you shall die."
She fell at his feet:" Give me some hours to live," she said.
He said, "I will give you one hour."
Fatima had three brothers. Her brothers had said, "We shall come and see you today;" but they had not come. She said, "If my brothers come in this hour they will save me."
Her sister Ann was in the house. She called to her, "Sister Ann, Sister Ann, go to the window and see if my brothers are coming."
Sister Ann went to the window; she said, "I see no one coming."
Fatima waited a little; then she cried, " Sister Ann, Sister Ann, do you see anyone coming?"
Sister Ann said, "I do not see anyone; no one is coming."
Blue Beard called, "Fatima!"
Fatima said, "Sister Ann, Sister Ann, is anyone coming?"
"I see a little dust," said Sister Ann, "very far away."
Blue Beard called, "Fatima, come down."
"Sister Ann, Sister Ann," Said Fatima, "is there anyone in the dust?"
"I see men in the dust," said Sister Ann.
Blue Beard called, "An hour has gone by. Come down, Fatima, and I shall kill you."
" Sister Ann, Sister Ann, are three men in the dust?"
Blue Beard called, "An hour has gone by. If you do not come down, I shall come up."
"I see three men," said Sister Ann.
"They are my brothers!" said Fatima.
Fatima said, " Sister Ann, Sister Ann, call to them to come and save me."
Blue Beard called. "I am coming up," he said.
"Sister Ann, call to them, Sister Ann!"
Blue Beard came to the door.
The door opened: Blue Beard caught Fatima’s arm.
The three brothers came in, and killed Blue Beard.
So Fatima was saved.
蓝胡子
(一)
从前,有一位富翁,他住着漂亮的房子,还有一座美丽的花园。这位富翁留着一副蓝胡子,因此,大家叫他“蓝胡子”。
在富翁的房子附近住着一个穷女人,她有三个儿子和两个漂亮的女儿。一个女儿的名字叫安,另一个女儿叫法蒂玛。蓝胡子想要娶其中的一个女儿为妻,但是,两个女儿都不愿和蓝胡子结婚。
安和法蒂玛不愿同这位富翁结婚,是因为他的胡子是蓝色的。蓝胡子已经娶了很多妻子,但他的妻子都不见了,谁也不知道他的那些妻子哪儿去了。这俩姑娘不愿和蓝胡子结婚,当他的妻子,因为没人知道他的妻子的去向。因此,她们的母亲对蓝胡子说:“我的女儿不想和你结婚。”
这时,蓝胡子说:“来我家住几天吧。”于是,她们来到蓝胡子家住下。这房子真漂亮,蓝胡子处处对她们都特别好。
法蒂玛说:“他的胡子是蓝色的,但他不是一个坏人,在有些地方,他是很好的,所以我愿嫁给他。”
于是,法蒂玛和蓝胡子结婚了,住到了这所漂亮的房子里。
几天过去了。蓝胡子说:“我要去旅行。”然后,他把这座房子里所有的房间钥匙都给了法蒂玛,他说:“这一把钥匙是那间小屋的,千万别打开那间屋子的门……你说,你一定不会打开小屋子的门!”
法蒂玛就说:“我决不会打开那间小屋的门。”
于是,蓝胡子就走了。
当蓝胡子不在家时,法蒂玛的所有朋友都来看她。她带朋友们观看了许多房间,房子确实很豪华。但是,她没有打开那间小屋的门。
朋友们都走了,她自言自语道:“现在,我能打开那间小屋吗?他为什么说,‘不能打开它?’我想看看小屋里究竟有什么东西。”
(二)
法蒂玛拿了钥匙,她来到小屋门前,把门打开了。在屋里,她发现了蓝胡子的所有妻子,她们都是死的!
钥匙从她的手里掉了下去,当她捡起钥匙时,发现钥匙上有一个红记号。
她把门关上,然后,拿着钥匙回到她的房间。她说:“蓝胡子会发现钥匙上的记号,还会知道小屋的门已经打开过,他一定会象杀害其他妻子一样,杀了我。”她就用布去擦钥匙上的记号,但是擦不掉,她用热水洗钥匙,记号还是洗不掉,她又在石头上磨钥匙,可是记号仍旧去不了。
蓝胡子回来了,他叫来法蒂玛,说:“把钥匙给我。”法蒂玛把其它的钥匙给了他,但是,小屋的钥匙没给,他问道:“小屋的钥匙哪儿去了?”她说:“我去拿。她就去把钥匙拿来,他发现了红记号,说:“你已经开过小屋的门,现在你得死。”
她跪在他的面前说,“让我再活几个小时吧!”
他说:“我给你一小时时间。”法蒂玛有三个兄弟,她的兄弟说过:“我们今天一定来看你。”但是,他们还没有来。她想:“如果我的兄弟这一小时来到,他们就能搭救我。”
她的姐姐安在家。她对姐姐喊:“安姐姐、安姐姐,到窗户那儿看看兄弟们来了没有。”
安姐姐来到窗户向外张望,她说:“我没看见有人来。”
法蒂玛等了一会儿,然后她喊:“安姐姐,安姐姐,你没有发现有人来?”
安姐姐说:“我没看见任何人,没有一个人来。”
蓝胡子喊:“法蒂玛!”
法蒂玛说:“安姐姐,安姐姐,有没有人来?”
“我发现很远地方有一小团尘土,”安姐姐说。
蓝胡子又喊:“法蒂玛,下来。”
“安姐姐,安姐姐,”法蒂玛问,“尘土里有人吗?”
“我发现尘土中有人,”安姐姐说。
蓝胡子叫喊起来:“一个钟头已经到了,下来,法蒂玛,我要杀了你。”
“安姐姐,安姐姐,尘土中有三个男人吗?”
蓝胡子喊:“一个钟头过去了,如果你不下来,我就上去啦。”
“我看到有三个人,”安姐姐说。
“他们是我的兄弟!”法蒂玛说。
法蒂玛说:“安姐姐,安姐姐,叫他们来救我。”
蓝胡子在喊叫着。“我上来了,”他说。
“安姐姐,快叫他们,安姐姐!”
蓝胡子走到了屋子门口。
门打开了,蓝胡子抓住法蒂玛的胳膊。
三个兄弟进来了,杀死了蓝胡子。
这样,法蒂玛得救了。
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29-Aug-2007 15:28
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老猫
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The Old Cat
An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.
Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."
老猫
一位老妇有只猫,这只猫很老,它跑不快了,也咬不了东西,因为它年纪太大了。一天,老猫发现一只老鼠,它跳过去抓这只老鼠,然而,它咬不住这只老鼠。因此,老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了,因为老猫咬不了它。
于是,老妇很生气,因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫,猫说:“不要打你的老仆人,我已经为你服务了很多年,而且还愿意为你效劳,但是,我实在太老了,对年纪大的不要这么无情,要记住老年人在年青时所做过的有益的事情。”
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29-Aug-2007 15:28
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睡美人
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The Sleeping Princess
I
Once there was a King and a Queen. For many years they had wanted a child, and no child had come to them.
Then the Queen had a child. It was a girl. The King was very glad.
You know what a fairy is. Many fairies lived near the King's house. When the Queen's child came, the King went to all the fairies and said, "The Queen has a child. Do come to the house and see our new little girl." All the fairies said, "We are very glad: we will come today ."
One of the fairies had gone away on a journey: she had been very far away. She had not come back when the Queen’s child came. When she came back, one of the fairies said to her, "The Queen has a child, and the King came to us and said, "Come and see our new little girl. ""
But this fairy was a bad fairy; the bad fairy said, "The King went to all of you: why did he not come to me? I shall go and see the King’s child; but I shall give her some bad thing."
All the good fairies went to the King’s house, and saw the little girl; and they all gave her some good thing. One said, "I give her this good thing: she shall have riches." One fairy said, "I give her this good thing; she shall become a brave woman." One said, "I give her this good thing: she shall become a good woman." All gave some good thing.
Then there came the bad fairy. She said, "The King went to all the fairies but he did not come to me, so I shall give the child some bad thing. She will have riches; she will become brave; she will become good. But, when she is a woman, she will prick her hand with a needle, and die."
The poor Queen did not know what to do. The King said to the good fairies, "The poor girl shall not die. Can you not help me? Say that she shall not die!" The good fairies said, " We cannot help you. What the bad fairy has said will come. Your child will prick her hand with a needle; but she shall not die. She shall sleep for many years. Then a king’s son shall come and kiss her. And she will awake. He shall wake her with a kiss." Then the fairies went away.
The King sent for all his men and all the Queen’s women, and said, "Go and bring me all the needles that are in the house."
They brought all the needles that they could find, and the King took them, and threw them into a river far away.
Then he said, "See that no needle comes into this house. See that no man and no woman brings a needle near my child. I shall kill them if they do."
Ⅱ
The little child grew up in the King’s house. She became a Princess. The Princess wanted to see all that she could. She wanted to know what the men were doing in the garden. She wanted to know the names of all the flowers and of all the trees. She said to the men in the King’s garden, "What is the name of this flower? What is the name of this tree?" In the house she wanted to see all that there was to see.
She wanted to know how many rooms there were in the King’s house, and who lived in all the rooms. So she went into one room, and then into another room, and then into another. She went into big rooms and little rooms, and very little rooms. Then she said, "I have been to all the rooms in the house." But there was one room where she had not gone.
As she went on, she came to a new room. It was a little room very far away from all the other rooms. The door of the room was shut. The Princess wanted to go in and see what was in this room. She called, "Open the door!" But no one came. She called once. She called twice; then the door was opened. The Princess went into the room: and there she saw a very old woman.
The old woman was sitting near a table. On the table there was some cloth. The old woman had some cloth in one hand, and in the other hand she had a needle.
The Princess said, "What are you doing?"
"I am making something," said the old woman.
"What are you making?" said the Princess.
"I am making some clothes," said the old woman.
“What is that in your hand?" said the Princess.
"That is the cloth," said the old woman.
"No!" said the Princess. "What is that in your other hand?"
"That?" said the old woman. "That is a needle."
The Princess said, "Give me the ’needle’; I want to see it. I have not seen a needle. I do not know what a needle is."
The old woman said, "Have you not seen a needle? How can that be? You have seen many needles! Needles are seen in all houses."
The old woman gave the needle to the Princess.
"Give me the cloth," said the Princess: ’I want to make clothes." Then the old woman gave the Princess the cloth.
The Princess pricked the cloth with the needle --but she pricked her hand. And she fell asleep!
Then all the men and the women in the house fell asleep. The King fell asleep at his table, and the Queen sitting near him fell asleep.
The man in the garden fell asleep with his axe in his hand. The man standing at the door of the house fell asleep where he stood. All were asleep.
A fairy came to the Princess. She took her and put her on a bed. Then the fairy said to the trees and to the flowers in the garden, " Grow!" The flowers grew up, and the trees grew big. There was a wall of trees and flowers. So no one could go into the house.
In the house the Princess slept; and the King slept, and all his men; and the Queen, and her women, slept.
Ⅲ
Many wanted to go into the house of the Sleeping Princess; but they could not go through the trees. So no one came.
Years went by, and the Princess slept. Many years went by, and men did not know what the house was and who was in it. The trees grew up; you could not see the house through the trees. Men went by the trees and did not know that there was a house there.
One day a King rode into the forest. His son was with him. The King and his men went far in front, and the King’s son could not find them. He rode on, and he came to a wall of trees and flowers. He said, "My father has gone through those trees: I will go through them and find him."
As he came to the wall of trees, it opened, and he went through. Then he saw a garden; but all the flowers had grown here and there as they wanted.
He came to a house. The door was open, a man was standing by the door asleep. the King’s son said, "What a lazy man, he sleeps standing!" He went into the house. Men sat at the table, with food in their hands, asleep.
A little boy had been reading a story: he had fallen asleep with his head on his arms. A woman had been putting on her shoes; she was asleep with one shoe on and one shoe in her hand. An old man sat with pen and paper, asleep; and the dust of years was on his paper. Near him a woman was asleep with her little child asleep in her arms.
The King’s son went from one room to another. He saw the old King asleep at his table, and near him the Queen asleep with her head in her hands. Then he came to a room where there was sunlight and flowers. The window was open and roses had grown in through the window into the room. Golden light came through the window and fell upon a bed. The Princess was on the bed. Her eyes were shut. She was asleep.
The King’s son kissed her. She awoke. Then all the house awoke. The man awoke at the door. The men awoke and ate the food in their hands. The woman awoke and put on her shoe. The boy awoke and read his story. The King awoke at his table. The Queen rubbed her eyes, and said, "What were you saying, my King. I fell asleep."
The Princess was married by the King’s son, and they became King and Queen.
睡美人
(一)
从前,有一位国王和一位王后,多年来他们一直希望有个小孩,但他们还是没有孩子。
后来,王后有了一个孩子,是女孩,国王十分高兴。
你知道仙女是什么。很多仙女住在王宫附近。当王后的小孩出世后,国王去告诉所有的仙女说:“王后生了一个孩子,你们一定到王宫来,看看我们刚出世的小女孩。”仙女们说:“我们很高兴,今天我们一定去看看。”
她们当中有一位仙女已经出门旅行去了,她已经到了很远的地方。王后的小孩出世时她还没有回来。当她回来后,一位仙女对她说:“王后生了一个女孩,国王来告诉过我们说,‘来看看我们刚出世的小女孩’。”
可是,这位仙女是一个坏仙女。坏仙女说:“国王来告诉你们大家,但为什么就不来告诉我呢?我一定要去看看国王的孩子,我要给她咒一些坏事。”
好的仙女们来到了王宫,见到了小女孩,她们大家都给她说了些吉利的话。一位说:“我给她这样吉利的话:她一定会发财。”一位说:“我给她这样吉利的话:她一定会成为一位勇敢的女性。”一位说:“我给她这样吉利的话:她一定会成为一名好女人。”大家都说了些吉利的话。
然后,坏仙女来到这里,她说:“国王去告诉了所有的仙女,他就是不来告诉我。所以,我要给小孩咒一些坏事。她会发财,会成为一名勇敢的女性,也会成为一名好女人。但是,当她成年后,她将用针刺破手而死去。”
可怜的王后不知道如何是好。国王对那些好仙女说:“这可怜的女孩子不能死,你们不能帮助我吗?求你们说一声她不会死去!”
好的仙女们说:“我们不能帮助您,坏仙女所预言的必将应验,你的孩子将会用针刺破手,但是,她不一定死,她要沉睡很多年。然后,有一位王子会来吻她,她将会醒来。他的吻会把她唤醒。”然后,仙女们走了。
国王叫来他的所有男仆和王后的所有女仆,说:“去把房间里所有的针都给我搜罗来。”他们去把所有能够找到的针都拿来了,然后,国王拿着这些针,把它们扔到很远的一条河里去了。
接着他说:“千万注意,别让一枚针进到这所房子里来。还要注意,谁也不准带着针靠近我的孩子。如果他们敢这样做,我就杀了他们。”
(二)
小女孩在王宫里长大了,她成为一名公主。凡是能看到的东西,公主都想看看。她想知道在花园里的人正在干什么;她要知道所有的树木和花的名字。在花园里她问花匠:“这是朵什么花?这是棵什么树?”凡是房子里能够见到的她都要看看。
她要知道王宫里有多少间房间,所有的房间都有谁住着,她一间接一间的进去看看,她进了大房间、小房间和很小的房间。然后,她说:“我已经走遍了这所房子里的所有房间。”但是,有一间屋子她没有去过。
她继续走,来到一间陌生的屋子,这间小屋子离其它房间很远。这间屋的门关着,公主要进去看看这间屋子里有什么。她就喊:“开门!”但没人出来,她喊了一遍后,又喊了一遍,这时门打开了,公主走进屋里,在这里她发现一位很老的老太太。
老太太正坐在桌子旁,桌子上有一些布,老太太一手拿着一些布,另一只手拿着一枚针。
公主问:“你在做什么?”
“我正在做活儿,”老太太说。
“你在做什么活儿?”公主问。
“我正在做衣服,”老太太说。
“你手里拿着什么?”公主问。
“那是布,”老太太说。
“不是!”公主说,“另一只手里是什么?”
“这?”老太太说,“这是一枚针。”
公主说:“把‘针’给我,我要看看它,我没有见过针,不知道针是什么。”
老太太说:“你从没有见过针?那怎么可能呢?你见过的针多着哩!家家户户都可以见到针。”
老太太把针给了公主。
“把布给我,”公主说,“我要做衣服。”这时,老太太把布给了公主。
公主用针扎布——然而,她刺了自己的手,接着她睡过去了。
然后,房子里的男男女女都睡着了。国王趴在桌上睡着了,王后坐在他身旁睡着了。
在花园里的花匠拿着斧头睡着了,大门旁的门房站着睡着了,所有的人都睡着了。
一位仙女来到公主面前,她抱起公主,把她放在床上。然后,仙女对花园里的树和花说:“快长!”花儿长起来了,树儿长大了,于是出现了一堵由树和花组成的墙。这样,没有人能走进这所房子了。
在这所房子里,公主睡着,国王王后睡着,男仆女仆也都睡着。
(三)
许多人想进入睡美人的房子,但是,人们穿不过树墙,所以没有一个人来过。
年复一年,公主长眠不醒。很多年过去了,人们不知道这所房子里发生了什么事情,不知道谁住在里面。树儿长高了,你通过树丛看不到房子,人们从树丛旁走过,不晓得这里有一座房子。
一天,一位国王骑马进了森林,王子也随同他前往。国王和他的仆人在前面走得很远(把王子抛在后面),王子找不到他们了。王子骑着骑着,来到了花树墙前,心想:“父王已经穿过那片树丛,我要穿过去,找到他们。”
他走到树墙前,树丛打开了一条路,他穿了过去。这时,他发现一个花园,然而,所有的花草却长得杂乱无章,遍地皆是。
他来到一座房子前,门开着,一个男人正站在门旁睡着,王子说:“多懒的人啊,他站着都睡着了!”他走进房屋,一些人坐在桌旁,手里拿着吃的睡着。
一个小男孩正在看书上的一个故事,他头枕着胳膊睡着了。一位妇女正在穿鞋,她脚上穿着一只鞋,手中拿着一只鞋睡着。一位老人也坐那儿睡着,旁边是笔和纸,而纸上都是陈年积土,他旁边一个妇女怀抱着熟睡的孩子睡着。
王子从一间屋走到另一间屋,他发现以前的国王在桌旁睡着,在他身旁王后双手抱着头睡着。然后,他来到一间有花和有阳光的屋子,窗户开着,玫瑰花已经从外爬进了窗户,长满了房间。金色的阳光透过窗户洒落在床上,公主躺在床上,她的眼睛闭着,也睡着。
王子吻了她,她醒了过来。随即整座房子里的人都醒了。门口的人醒了;一些手里拿着吃的人醒了;妇女醒了,穿上了她的鞋;男孩醒了,看他的故事。在桌旁的国王醒了,王后揉了揉眼睛,说:“国王,你刚才说什么来着?我睡着了。”
公主嫁给了王子,他们成为国王和王后。
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29-Aug-2007 15:27
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猫和铃
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The Cat and the Bell
There were many mice in a house. The man of the house got a cat. The cat killed many of the mice.
Then the oldest mouse said, " All mice must come to my hole tonight, and we will think what we can do about this cat.’
All the mice came. Many mice spoke, but none knew what to do. At last a young mouse stood up and said, "We must put a bell on the cat. Then, when the cat comes near, we shall hear the bell and run away and hide. So the cat will not catch any more mice.’
Then the old mouse asked, " Who will put the bell on the cat?"
No mouse answered.
He waited; but still no one answered.
At last he said, "It is not hard to say things; but it is harder to do them."
猫和铃
房屋里有许多老鼠,房主找来一只猫,这只猫吃掉了很多老鼠。
这时,最老的一只老鼠就说:“今天晚上,所有的老鼠必须到我的洞里来,我们要想点办法,怎样来对付这只猫。”
所有的老鼠都来了,许多老鼠都发言了,但是,谁也不知道该怎么办。最后,有一只年轻的老鼠站起来说:“我们必须在猫的身上安放一个铃,这样一来,当猫走近时,我们就会听到铃声,跑开躲起来,这样,猫就再也抓不到老鼠了。”这时,年纪大的老鼠说:“谁去给猫身上安铃呢?没有一只老鼠回答。
它等了一会儿,仍然没人回答。
最后,它说:“说起来容易,但做起来难啊。”
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